Renewable Energy

2020-07-06 18:41:23

Renewable Energy
- Solar Energy
important

continuously replenished, less emission, available locally
most are non polluting except biomass
Primary source are renewable energy viz solar, wind etc. Secondary are non-renewable gen through conversion of coal, oil, natural gas

Solar Energy

important

2 ways to produce is either through

Photovoltaic cell which have 2 semi conductors np or pn type
Solar-Thermal electricity which focuses sunlight to heat a surface containing liquid and generating electricity

Solar Energy in India

states with high solar radiation are RAJ-Guj region, Ladakh, AP, Maha, MP
[[1.3 Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India#Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission |National Solar Mission]]
IN installed capacity is 54GW (March 2022)
National Institute of Solar Energy NISE is apex R&D institution in Solar energy field under MNRE.

International Solar Alliance (ISA) #body #important

was ==launched at the CoP21 of UNFCC in Paris== 2015.
Treaty based Intergov org for countries that are lying fully or partially between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Treaty was signed at Marrakesh, Morocco.
Secretariat at Gurgaon
Objective is to drive demand, force prices down, standardise solar tech, to foster R&D.
124 countries are mem
President of ISA Assembly is MNRE minister.

Various Programs launched under this are

Awards such as Vishvesvaraya, Kalpana Chawala and Diwakar.
ISA CARES to solarise one primary health care
ISA Technical fund implemented along w/ ADB
ISA, India and World Bank tripartite agreement for One Sun, One World and One Grid Initiative. ![[4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc#^91f4ac]]

Coalition for Sustainable Climate Action was launched comprising of global public and private corporates.

Solutions to problems of various solar related segments. ![[Pasted image 20221221121122.png]]

Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC)

![[video-diversi-usi-lsc.jpg.rend.500.500.jpg|500]]

device that uses a thin sheet of material to trap solar radiation over a large area and then directs it to cells mounted on the thin edges of the material layer.
they are made up of polymethylmethacrylate PMMA and doped with luminescent agents like organic dyes, quantum dots etc.
used to replace solar cells since it is cheap, effective in clouder climates, can collect and diffuse solar radiation, broad absorption range, long term stability

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency #body #important

has 150 member nations with Headquarters in Abu Dhabi
is an intergovernmental organisation
promotes all type of renewable energy ![[Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 2021#^cfc24f]]

Wind Energy

Total installed capacity of 40GW, 4th largest in World
Wind farms are either onshore or offshore (more expensive)
Variables that determine wind electricity gen are speed, blade radius and air density
2 types of designs are Horizontal axis design (commonly used) and Vertical ![[1.3 Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India#^8b6ab3]]
National Wind Energy Mission was proposed
MNRE has set target of 60GW by 2022

Hydro Power

cheapest most cleanest but env issues associated w/ it
Small hydro : installed capacity of less than 25 MW, 5400 such sites in India

3 Types of Hydropower Facilities

Impoundment : uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir
Diversion : a portion of a river is diverted to low through a turbine, may not require a dam.
Pumped storage : it acts as a battery, when demand is low it pumps water from lower reservoir to upper and during high demands viceversa

Ocean Thermal Energy

![[Offshore_OTEC_Diagram_900x489-1.png]]

Wave Energy

is transfer of energy from the wind to the sea.
first wave energy, project with a capacity of 150MW, has been set up at Vizhinjam near Trivandrum

Tidal Energy

extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and passing tidal waters through turbines
major tidal energy project was proposed to be set up in Hanthal Creek in Gulf of Kutchh

Biomass

derived from carbonaceous human and natural wastes
#concept Biomass does not add CO2 to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amt of Carbon while growing as it releases when consume
In has set target of 10GW by 2022, Total installed capacity is 10GW
Incentive schemes have been introduced for cultivation of Jatropha
Central Finance Assistance CFA by MNRE to Biomass projects

Process that Convert Biomass to Useful Products #important

Gassification

directly burned ==in the presence of excess air at high temp== ^1671604951195
gas produced during gasification is known as producer gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons (15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%).

Pyrolysis

Decomposition of organic matter by heating it in absence of air
==gas given out is called Syngas==
Typically syngas is 30 to 60% carbon monoxide (CO), 25 to 30% hydrogen (H2), 0 to 5% methane (CH4), 5 to 15% carbon dioxide (CO2), also some traces of water vapour and sulphur compounds.

Anaerobic Digestion/ Biomethanation/ Methanogenesis

is a scientific process whereby microorganisms in an anaerobic environment decompose biodegradable matter and produce rich biogas and effluent
Hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis are 3 process that take place sequentially

Cogeneration

one type of energy must always be heat and other may be electricity or mechanical energy
Ex steam generated from boilers of power plants are used to run turbines to produce electricity
saves cost, primary usage in sugar, rice, mills, distilleries, steel, chemical, cement plants etc
Bagasse cogeneration states are AP, TN, Ktaka, Maha, UP

Waste to Energy

potential to divert waste from landfills
estimated potential of 225MW from all sewage
total installed capacity is 100MW

Major Constraints

Tech needs to be imported, cost of setting such projects is high
segregation at source facilities are few in India along w/ low level compliance of [[5.1 Acts and Policies#Solid Waste Management Rules SWM 2016|Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules]].
Lack of policy support.

Geothermal Energy

harness energy stored in Eath’s inner ore which comes out at certain places on the Crust
where a higher geothermal gradient is created which is inc in temp with depth
Hydrothermal convection is most common way of capturing
In has a potential of 10GW in regions such as Himalayas, Lushai-Naga region, Andaman and Nicobar, Cambay, Son Narmada, Damodar Valley, Puga Velley etc
Plan to set up geothermal plant in Ladakh

Fuel Cell

Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction but not combustion. H2 and O2 are combined to generate electricity and water.
Convert chem energy to electrical (DC)
H2 used because no pollution from it
can be used for small scale decentralised power generation

REN21 #body

is the global renewable energy multi-stakeholder network
connects wide range of key actors from Govt, international orgs etc
non-profit association, provides policy relevant infor, platform for interconnection b/w stakeholders