August 2021 Onwards

2021-11-22 16:30

Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards CATS : launched in 2013 by Tiger Range Countires TRCs is a set of standards for effective mgt of species. It is an accreditation tool. Currently IN has 14 Tiger reserves ahave got CA|TS recognition.
- Launched in 2013 Global Tiger Forum and World Wildlife Fund India are 2 implementing partners in India.
Tiger Surveys are done ones in 4 yrs and Elephant in 5.
IPCC 6th assessment report #important
- Extreme weather events becoming more severe and frequent.
- Edging closer to 1.5 deg warmer world.
- $ Climate change impact should be understood as impacts on various components of life Ex Impact on Biodiversity and ecosystem (Animals and Plants), Impact on Humans (Health, Economic, Food and Water, Humanitarian crisis).
India ratifies [[5.4 International Environmental Conventions Organisations#Kigali Amendment 2016 |Kigali Amendment]]
Sujalam Campaign by Mo Jal Shakti #scheme to create more ODF+ villages through community consultation, Baithats, Gram sabha meetings.
- ODF+ declared when at any point of the day not a single person is found to be defeacating in the open and all community toilets are functional and well maintained.
- ODF++ faecal/sludge/septage and sewage is safely amanged and treated w/ no discharge in open water bodies in open areas.
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Leaded petrol has been eradicated - UNEP.
Nelapattu wildlife sanctuary is located near Pulicat Lake.
Groundswell report on Climate Change by World bank.
Green Bonds : fixed income instrument used to raise money for climate and env projects. It is backed by the issuing entity’s balance sheet and have the same credit rating as the issuer. WB is major issuer.
- Blue Bonds protect ocean and related ecosystem it is a subset of Green bonds.
- Climate Bonds used for projects focusing on reducing carbon emission.
Sea snot is a slimy sludge formed by nutrient rich algae.
Marine Env Protection Committee MEPC : Estd by International Maritime Org. IMO to protect and sasfeguard interests of marine ecosys.
Flyway is a route regulary used by large number of migrating birds. Total 10 such flyways have been identified. India is part of Central Asian Flyway.
UN Water Convention : legally binding instrument and intergovernmental platform to ensure sustainable use of transboundary water resources.
Man Animal Conflict : ==Sonitpur model== where WWF trained villagers how to drive elephants away and avoid MAC -> dropping of crop losses.
- National Board of Wildlife Committee recommendations on MAC : Empower gram panchayats, Utilise coverage under PMFBY for crop compensation, augmenting fodder and water sources, Interdepartmental committees, Early warning system, Toll free hotline.
Global Coral Reef Monitoring System : prepares regional periodic assessment report on status of coral reefs.
- World Lost 14% of Coral Reef; Ocean acidification, warming of oceans, overfishing etc are reasons
- Loss more apparent on Hard corals; Algal Blooms are a sign of stress on corals.
WMO Report on Terrestrial Water Storage : Terrestirial water = Surface+ soil moisture + ice + ground water.
- Overall TWS loss of 1cm per year. Maximum in Antarctica and Greenland.
- Outside of them Indian has the highest at 3 cm/per year esp north India. ![[Pasted image 20211207144329.png]]
UNHRC has recongnised ==right to healthy environment as a universal right==. Would fit into constitutions of nations since it is related to Human right; fill gap in international laws; strengthening basis for international enforcement.
Kunming Declaration #imp adopted by [[5.4 International Environmental Conventions Organisations#Convention on Biological Diversity CBD 1992 |UNCBD]] calling upon to build an Ecological Civilisation. Mainstream biodiveristy protection and recog imp of conservation in public health.
- Nations committed to adopt and implement effective post 2020 plan for [[5.4 International Environmental Conventions Organisations#Cartagena Protocol 2000 |Cartagena Protocol]].
30 by 30 target to give 30% of Earth’s land and oceans protected status by 2030.
Production Gap #report by UNEP : said that top fussil fuel producing countries are not prepare to meet Paris Climate Agreements.
WMO #report on CO2 emission. Inc from 2019 to 2020 lower than last yr; Methane, Nitrous oxides.
Climate Vulnerability Index CVI released by Council on Energy, Environment and Water CEEW. Per report Assam, AP, Maha, Ktaka and Bihar most vulnerable to extreme climate events ex floods. 463/640 districts vulnerable to extreme weather events.
[[#International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infra CDRI]] has launched Infrastructure for Resilient Island States IRIS #scheme that would focus on building capacity, having pilot projects, esp in small island dev states.
Global Methane Pledge at CoP26 joint effort by US and EU over 90 mem have signed aims to cut emission by upto 30% by 2030 on 2020 level.
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High Ambition Coalition HAC : is an informal group of approximately 61 countries under UNFCCC. Founded by Marshall Islands in 2014 to ensure Paris agreement.
- HAC for Nature and People : Indian joined the coalition. HAC for nature was initiated at One Planet Summit. Has the 30x30 target that aims to halt loss of species and protect vital ecosystem. Aims to achieve a 30% protection.

Feb 2020 - July 2021

2020-04-14 08:08:01

COP 13 on Conservation of Migratory Species CMS of Wild Animals #important
- State of India’s Birds 2020 #report was presented in CoP 13 on Migratory Species that was held in Gandhinagar in Gujarat. 80% of birds dec in last 5 years most in vultures, eagles, warblers and migrating shore birds, Indian Peafowl, Sparrows etc that adapt have inc .
- Great Indian Bustard, Asian Elephant and Bengal Florican were included in the Appendix I (threatened with extinction) of UN Convention on Migratory Species. Asian Elephant’s IUCN status is Endangered.
- adopted Gandhinagar Declaration
World Air Quality #Report 2019 was released by IQAir and Greenpeace based on PM2.5 comparisons. Bangladesh most polluted. Ghaziabad was most polluted city.
1000 springs initiative is an online portal on GIS based Spring Atlas by Mo Tribal Affairs to imp access to safe and adequate water for tribal communities, youths will be trained under this. #scheme
major reasons for contamination of water in Delhi as per BIS is leaking pipes.
Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED) - proposed to build b/w Scotland and Norway to protect from rising sea levels. 15 countries will be involved in this.
Black Carbon is 2nd largest contributor to climate change after CO2 , is short lived - days to weeks. IN is 2nd largest emitter.
United for Biodiversity program to raise awareness by European Commission
Earth hour is organized by WWF
COVID declared a notified disaster to make states eligible for assistance under State Disaster Response Fund SDRF
PM National Relief Fund gives relief to families affected by ==natural disasters==, defray medical expenses ^e829ed
East Gandak river south Ganga area been found to be Uranium contaminated. Punjab most contaminated 2nd is Raj.
Sundarban is 60% of IN mangrove, 27th Ramsar site, UNESCO world heritage site, Fishing cat, Irrawady Dolphin, Critically End Northern River Terrapin in found here
Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 by FAO, #report every 5 years.
- Forest area declined, rate of loss also dec
- Africa largest loss, Asia largest gain, most gain by CN, AUS, IN.
- World Forest area 4.06 bil hectares, largest were tropical.
- IN 0.38% net gain, mostly due to Joint Management Forest Program and community managed F areas.
Eco-Sensitive area : located within 10km of protected area NP and WS notified by MoEFCC under EPA ‘86, shock absorbers.
Gadgil #committee defined boundaries of Western Ghats, proposed entire area be designated as Ecologically Sensitive Area ESA, 2200 grids, WG Ecology Authority
Kasturirangan #committee seeks to bring just 37% of WG under ESA. Recom
- ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining,
- no new thermal project only new hydro projects,
- ban new polluting industry, forest diversion allowed
- Townships were banned only constructions upto 20 ha projects allowed.
Styrene gas aka vinyl benzene or Polyvinyl chloride PVC gas used in making polystyrene plastics, fiberglass, rubber, and latex.
Nagar van #scheme - dev 200 urban forests in next 5 yrs under Mo EFCC
Ambarnaya River - RUS oil spill affected, Permafrost is ground that remains frozen for 2 or more consecutive years.
Environmental Performance Index EPI 2020 by Yale and Columbia Univs and WEF. IN rank 168 #report
Nature Index tracks research articles published in natural science journals by Nature Research.
New guidelines for import of exotic species - a/c definition they are under ==Appendices I,II,III== in CITES.
Gir Lion census - total Lions are ==674, Kuno-Palpur WS== identified as relocation of lions
Decarbonizing Transport in Emerging Economies (DTEE) project by NITI Aayog and OECD - low carbon transport system, design emission assessment framework for IN #scheme
Ozone pollution : not directly emitted but formed by reaction b/w NOx and other Volatile organic compounds and gases in air chemically react in the presence of sunlight.
6th mass extinction aka anthropocene extMass Extinction is when Earth loses 3/4 of its species in short time, most in tropical regions. It is currently ongoing and since 1500 7.5-13% species have been lost.
- Tropical regions have shown highest no of declining species.
Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary upgraded to NP status aka Jeypore rainforest also an Elephant reserve, largest lowland rainforest. IN 1st NP was Jim Corbett then called Hailey NP
Voluntary National Review VNR 2020 #report - on adoption and implementation of SDGs.
Gangetic Dolphins in Chambal have decreased to just 68. #important #PrelimsPYQ :
- Is an indicator species of overall condition of river.
- Threats include Hunting, over & unsustainable fishing, Deteriorating water quality, Construction of dams, Habitat fragmentation.
- Schedule I in WPA 1972. Appendex I in CITES, Endangered in IUCN Red list.
- Fluviate (riverine) and freshwater in nature. Mammal & Cannot breathe in water.
Green-Ag project implemented in 5 states MIZ, RAJ, MP, OD, UK. Funded by GEF integrate biodiversity, climate change and sustainable land management
Aerial seeding in Aravallis
Measure taken to counter pollution in DEL - persuade farmers to Pun, Har to use mechanical alternatives to stubble burning, closure of thermal power stations, industries use piped natural gas, GRAP
Lead poisoning 800 mil children have high Pb levels in blood. Caused by : substandard/illegal recycling of batteries, inc in vehicle ownership,
Groundwater issues - NGT orders overhaul of extraction for commercial activities. IN ranked 120 in water quality index, 54% of GW level have dec, most GW extracted 25% of world
One Sun One World One Grid OSOWOG : sharing solar energy. Benefit : IN would generate 40% power from non-fossil fuel by 2030, lead to reduced project cost, higher efficiencies, inc asset utilisation, more investment.
- b/w India and UK to tap solar energy brings together ISA of India and UKs green grid initiative.
How to protect tigers - role of forest bureaucracy ltd to restricted to wildlife enforcement, merging project tiger w/ other central wildlife conservation scheme, gov monopoly over tiger con be removed
Protection of elephants - water source, forest fire mgt, El. proof trenches, hanging fences and rubble walls, chili smoke + playing sound of bees, corridors, Gaj Yatra project for awareness, NGOs like Asian Elephant Alliance, Elephant Family
- MoForest guidelines to manage Human-Elephant conflict : retain natural habitat, elephant proof trenches in TN, handing fences rubber walls in KTAKA, use chilli smoke, SMS alerts etc
Green Term Ahead Market GTAM : in electricity is new model for selling power by renewable dev in open market, bilateral transactions, contracts be segregated into Solar Non Solar RPO, Daily and weekly contracts, price discovery on continuous basis. Benefits : lessen burden on RE rich states, incentivize them, promote RE merchant capacity addition, inc participants, benefit buyers, cater a pan IN market
Draft EIA notification 2020 : exemptions to large industries projects from public consultation, does not require publication of information or holding of public consultation, post facto clearance, shortens period of public consultation hearings, reduces time provided for public to submit their response, allow declaration of some areas as economically sensitive
Low Ozone over Brahmaputra valley due to construction activities, phyto-sanitary state indicates low impact of organic species on ozone conc
Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework CSCAF by MoHUA inculcate climate sensitive approach, provide clear roadmap to combat CC
NPV/Net present value is monetary approximation of value that is lost when piece of forest land is razed
Methane Hydrate deposits found in Krishna Godavari Basin
Living Planet #report 2020 by WWF
- pop of vertebrate species declined by 68%, Wildlife population in freshwater declined, 75% of Earth’s ice free land significantly altered
- IN lost 12% of wild animals, 19% amphibians, 3% birds
Land Degradation - reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity
- Desertification - degradation of land in arid semi-arid dry sub humid areas
BEAMS Beach Env Aesthetics Management Services under ICZM to abate pollution, high standards of cleanliness hygiene, promote sustainable dev, conserve coastal ecosys
Zombie fire : continues to burn underground reignites on surface after sometime seen in Arctic tundra.
Amazon lost 17% of forest due to fire
National Air Quality Index - based in PM 10, PM 2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, Pb has 6 air qualities dev by CPCB #report ^4a4629
Tree transplantation Policy by Delhi Gov
State of Global Air by Health Effects Institute HEI and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IHME #report
Yellow dust is sand from desert in China and Mongolia
IN’s IMD launched flash flood guidance for South Asia countries - BAN, BHU, NEP, SL
Ammonia acceptable limit is 0.5ppm
Cetacean stranding aka ==beaching of the whales==
PUSA decomposer mix of 7 fungi to digest cellulose lignin pectin in paddy straw. Govt proposed this as solution to counter stubble burning.
Deemed forest : land having characteristic of forest irrespective of ownership
Dinoflagellates are unicellular organism which produce light when disturbed by waves causing red or blue tides.
Pilibhit Tiger reserve has got 1st international Tiger Reserve TX2 award given by Petersburg tiger summit.
Tarballs : light absorbing small carbonaceous particles formed due to burning of biomass
IN achieved 21% of emission intensity reduction target to keep NDC.
Voluntary disclosure #scheme for acquiring illegal/exotic animals under Appendices I,II, III of CITES.
Firefly Bird diverter for GIB’s to avoid power lines in Pokharan
Tso Kar wetland added located in Ladakh - saline lake in Changthang region
Commission for Air Quality Management CAQM : formed in 2020, permanent statutory body 20 mem, supersede CPCB/SPCB in Delhi, PUN, HAR, UP, RAJ, have penal powers. Chair - Secy/Chief secy
Birds of Sundarban Biosphere reserve #report by ZSI -
- Masked finfoot, Buffy Fish owl recorded only from here
- Rare birds viz Goliath Heron, Spoon billed sandpiper only found from here
Sigur plateau and Moyar River valley located in Nilgiris
Extinction Rebellion - organise for climate and ecological emergency using non-violence and civil disobedience
Carbon Watch - app to assess carbon footprint, 1st launched by Chandigarh
Caracal included in Critically Endangered
Framework for water quality testing by Jal Shakti Ministry - part of Jal Jeevan, NABL to be set in every state, State Gov to include private players, regular inspection mandated results to be fed into Water Quality Info Mgt system
World Air Quality #report - by IQAir based on PM 2.5 data. Delhi worst polluted capital, 22/30 most polluted cities in IN, Major sources of pollution are Transportation, Biomass burning, electricity generation etc, IN 3rd most polluted country
Tiger relocation project - from Kanha and Bhandavgarh to Satkosia [[3.2 Ocean Acidification and Ocean Depletion#Biosphere Reserves]] #scheme
Net Zero aka carbon neutrality where emissions are compensated by absorption and removal of greenhouse gases, does not fit [[3.5 Climate Change Organisations#Paris Climate Change conference COP 21 2015 |Paris Agreement]]
- Could be a distractino from decreasing emissions, force 80% rise in global food prices as more land would be used for planting trees.
Chilka has Irrawaddy, Bottle-nose and Humpback dolphins
Indian Rhino Vision IRV : by Forest dept, WWF, Assam; objectve is to inc Rhino pop in Assam #scheme
National Climate Vulnerability Assessment #report by DST identifiies vulnerable areas and its causes it is part of NAPCC. JH, MIZ, OD, CTG, ASM etc most vulnerable; will help reporting NDCs.
La Sourfriere volcano erupted in Caribbean. Volcanic aerosols formed when Sulphuric Acid in atmosphere codenses, it inc the reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space, cooling troposhere/lower atmosphere
IN-GER agreement for Technical coop to combat Plastic entering Marine env
Pyarsol b/w IN-GER to change organic waste into biochar and energy in smart cities
Global Methane Asessment #report by Climate and Clear Air Coalition and UNEP. Human caused CH4 emission has inc, CO2 level dec during Covid 19. Fossil fuels, waste and agriculture sector had most.
NITI Aayogs transhipment project at Great Nicobar Islands near Glathaea bay threatens Giant Leatherbacks
Eco Bridges : wildlife corridors for crossing through human structures like roads, highways etc made up of native vegetation has a contiguos look with landscape.
Over 100 years of Snow Leopard Research #report by WWF. 70% habitat left unreasearched. Project Snow Leopard and SECURE Himalaya are 2 projects launched by IN to protect it.

A-76 worlds largest iceberg broke off Antarctica.
Maldhari tribes live in Banni grasslands of Gujarat
National Mission on use of Biomass in Coal based thermal power plants to inc levels of Co-firing. ** Cofiring ** is where Biomass substitutes coal etc fossil fuel. #scheme
Uranium : also used as shield against radiation due to high density and as counterweights in aircraft and industrial machinery. Found in Dharwar rocks, Singhbhum, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Kullu in HP, AP and Telangana.
Global Nitrogen Conference in Germany : Estd 2003 for policy makers to coordinate to manage reactive nitrogen.
Methods to contain Oil spill : Containment Booms or floating barriers to restrict spread; Skimmers for physically separating oil various sorbents are used for this; Dispersing agents breaks oil into small drops; Bio-Agents like Alcanivorax bacteria or Methylocell to naturally biodegrade
Anti Hail guns throw supersonic waves in the air to prevent formation of hailstorms
Sea Snot : slimy layer of grey/green sludge of nutrient loaded algae that deposit along the coast.
High Level Dialogue on Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought DLDD with UNCCD
Children and Digital Dumpsites #report by WHO for children working in e-waste dumping sites.
Green Hydrogen : H2 produced by electrolysis using renewable energy, has 0 carbon footprint. Vital for IN to meet NDC, can act as energy storage option, used as long distance mobilisation in railways, large ships, buses, trucks etc.
- NTPC to set up green Hydrogen mobility project in Ladakh
- GOI announced GH Mission to produce them from renewable sources,
- Centre of Excellence on Hydrogen CoE-H has been set up to promote R&D, Strategic Clean Energy Partnership SCEP w/ USA.
- Blue Hydrogen : is when natural gas is plit into H2 and CO2 and the CO2 is captured and then stored.
- Grey Hydrogen : similar to Blue but CO2 is not captured and is released into atmosphere.
Land for Life award by UNCCD.
Antarctic #Treaty : in 1961 by 12 countries for Antarctica to be w/o permanent settlement. HQ in Buenos Aires. Provides for : its peaceful usage, freedom of scientific observation, neutralise territorial sovereignty. ![[Pasted image 20220410110652.png]]
Project BOLD to plant bamboo saplings areas that have drought by KVIC as part of Khadi Bamboo Festival to celebrate Azadi ka amrit mahotsav. ^63c1ed
Flex Fuel vehicles FFVs : could run on both gasoline and petrol w/ ethanol blends. Reduces pollution, Alternative fuel costs less, will be extension of Ethanol Blended Petrol EBP program.
- Challenges : Custormer acceptance, Running cost, cost of such engines are more.
Fite for 55 prgram by EU to reduce emission by 55% by 2030.
State of Environment #Report 2021 by Centre for Science and Env CSE -
- Pandemic generation upto 14 yrs will suffer long lasting impact viz underweight, stunting etc, 500mil children forced out of school
State of Worlds land and water resources for food and agriculture #report by FAO. Said that sources of fodder have declined and agricultural land availability has dec.
Saraswati originated from Kapal Tirth in Himalayas near Kailash. Satluj, Markanda and Sarsuti were its tributaries.

CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-05-04 01:33:01

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) by MoEFCC directed by NGT to dec PM 10 PM 2.5 by 20-30% in next 5 yrs, in 102 non-attainment cities, 1st effort for National framework with time bound target - declared by NGT as unconstitutional #scheme
WHO says 14/15 most polluted cities in India
Stringent implementation of BS-VI norms and adoption of third-party audits for polluting industries with effect 1st April 2020. Armed/Paramilitary forces exempted
Centre of Excellence for Waste Management under PM Science and Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC). 21 mem body, formulate ST programs, advise in Developing ‘Clusters of Excellence’ #body
- India has 75% waste that is recyclable but only 30% is done. lack of (proper guidelines, planning, waste collection, awareness, treatment system)
Namami Gange #scheme implemented by NMCG to integrate previous programs. 8 states, 100% centrally funded. NMCG is implementing arm of National Ganga Council NGC - headed by PM replaced National Ganga River Basin Authority NGRBA has CM of 5 states on board, formed under EPA 1986. NMCG formed 2011 as registered society, 2 tier structure - Governing Council and Exec committee #MainsPYQ ^10b629
UK declares national climate emergency to become carbon neutral by 2030, dec 90% (1990) emission by 2050, prevent temp inc 2C from pre-industrial level (Paris Agreement).
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) - independent intergov body estd 2012 in Panama not under UN but UNEP provides secretariat. Findings :
- human activities accelerating extinction, 1 million species are threatened, foreign species invasion is affecting natives, altered various ecosystem loss of habitat
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) formal process backed by EPA 1986, assessment released to all stakeholders
Forest Rights #Act 2006 legislation separated forest & its produce and wildlife protection
Threat to habitat of Bengal tigers
- inc level of water, submergence of Sunderbans by 2070 it will go extinct, hunting, illegal trade
UNEP Sand Sustainability #report. Findings :
- increasing sand consumption, 2nd largest natural resource extracted but least regulated
- construction of industry, demand met from quarries, Critical in China India
- Threat : marine ecosystem due to lower groundwater, reduction of sediment deposit rate
Herbivores census in Gir forest, every 5 yrs to check available prey for Asiatic Lions. Findings steadily increasing animals like spotted deer - Nilgais - langurs - Chausingha etc
Waste Water : 80% wastewater remains untreated, 37% capacity to treat but many facilities do not function on max capacity. By UNWater
National Academy of Sciences USA paper #report . Findings :
- pollution has dec income, 1mil species have extinction threat,
- arctic is melting due to resource exploitation there, CO2 is 415ppm the highest ever
Fully recyclable plastic poly(diketoenamine) PDK
India Cooling Action Plan ( ICAP ) Aims : Dec cooling demand 20-25%, refrigerant 25-30%, energy 20-40%, training 100k technicians w/ Skills Indian mission by 2037 #scheme . ^590110
Stubble Burning is a wheat by-product that emits NO2 SO2 CO CO2
- Clears field quick, kills weed pests, reduce Nitrogen tie up
- Need incentivise farmers, deny MSP, Centre intervention, suggest alternative like paddy straw based power plants, incorporate of crop residue in the soil, composting, find industrial use of husks/stubble
Plastic production lifecycle leads to 3.8% green-house emission, 61% resin production, throwing incinerated plastic 40% landfill burned
China CFC-11(major) illegal release 25%. Montreal Protocol 1987 signatories should phase out CFC etc by 2000. Cheap foam manufacturing -> Ozone depletion (measured in Dobson unit).
Coral : polyps colony, class Cnidaria (jellyfish) 28-31 deg sea temp biodiversity hotspot regulate CO2 water climate change inc temp leads Coral Bleaching(not dead recover) : shed symbiotic fungi (zooxanthellae) give yellow red color
5th June World Env day. 2019 theme ‘Beat Air pollutn’ host - China #important
IN fertiliser industry #report by Green Rating Project - untreated ammonia seeping into groundwater limit is 0.50 ppm in drinking limit but some places it is 93ppm. no regulation for NH3 during production.
State of India’s Environment #report by Centre for Science and Environment CSE - Non Profit, estd 1980 given Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace in 2018. Findings :
- Air Pollution resp for 12.5% of all deaths; India does not track all indicators of SDG; Surface and Groundwater are critically polluted; Farm sector under stress and Rural health infra is ailing;
- Waste is in becoming un-manageable, smart cities program not being allocated funds, Energy production capacity is low. Forest and Wildlife are endangered.
Kelps underground algae in Artic increasing due Climate Change global warming
Ways to tackle Eutrophication -
- waste water treatment; remove NPK from run-off water, remove phosphorus in detergents; improve agri techniques,
- alternative practice in animal husbandry; Oxygenation of water reduce eutrophication, chemical precipitation Phosphorus from water adding Aluminium salts, iron, calcium carbonate etc
Bonn Challenge : to restore 150 mil hectare degraded/deforested land by 2020 launched Germany + IUCN in 2011, 350 mil hectare 2030 endorsed and extended in NY Declaratn, UN Climate Summit in 2014. IN joined in 2015
Small Islands developing states (SIDS) : may fail achieve SDGs due to inc population & climate change as per UN World pop report because of Climate variability, sea level rise compounds, dec in agri and tourism etc.
- 1/3rd of their population live in land 5 mt below sea level.
- Contribute only 1% of greenhouse gas emission but face most of the impact.
Global Carbon Project : estd 2011 of Future Earth reports IN CO2 production rapidly increasing (2x global speed) road transport most responsible.
‘Blue Flag’ certification for beaches is done by FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education) an NGO of DEN. MoEFCC selected 13 beaches. Most such beaches are in Spain followed by Greece and FR.
- IN got 8 beaches certified
IUCN Red list of threatened species mention 28,338. Finding : rate of extinction inc due to urbanisation, decline in free flowing rivers eg deep sea fishes in Japan
Tiger Estimation #report 2018. Guinness world record for world’s largest ==camera trap wildlife survey==. Findings :
- 2967 Tigers in IN, most in ==MP>Ktaka>Ukhand==, Pench Reserve, best improvement in Sathyamangalam (TN);
- Efforts: Mstripes is monitoring system by NTCA, Global Tiger Initiative by WB, Project Tiger 1973 IN, St Petersberg tiger summit - TX2 slogan
Global Tiger Initiative has 2 arms Global Tiger Forum and Global Snow Leopard Ecosys
Global Coalition to Protect Pollinators: Initiative taken by NER, at CoP convention of Biological Diversity in MEX; pollinators are threatened w global extinction per (IUCN) Red List
Green Bonus, Separate ministry demands by IHR. “Mussoorie resolution” passed to conserve region;
Payment for ecosystems services (PES) - distribution of incentive fund b/w the Union and state, 14th commission included forest cover as a determining factor in a state’s share 7.5% weight to forest cover. NOT INCLUDED IN 15FC.
Env and Social Mgt Framework ESMF : WB-funded project to assess coastal dev projects what guideline to adopt, minimise impacts, compensate for loss of livelihood, adopt higher work safety standard, etc.
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered species) IN proposed listing species eg ==small clawed and smooth coated otters, Indian star tortoise== are included now in App I
Samagra Shiksha Jal Suraksha: by Mo HRD for school students to save one litre of water per day
Frequent Droughts and Flood cycles: in Maha, Guj, Raj, the NE States, Karnataka, the Konkan coast Madhav Gadgil Report, Kasturirangan Committee, Sendai Framework reports are imp in this context
Global Assessment of Forest Biodiversity by WWF: based on the Forest Specialist Index tracks wildlife that lives only in forests. Key findings:
- 53% decline in number of forest wildlife pop less among birds.
Single Use Plastics: remove by 2022, from 2nd Oct it is banned. But waste plastic from packaging remains unaddressed.
India is the largest emitter of SO2 15% of world emission per NGO Greenpeace due to coal based electricity production.
WB #report on Water Pollution - Concerns : stalling economic growth, worsening health conditions, reducing food production, poverty. Biological Oxygen Demand inc GDP growth in downstream regions dec by 0.83%, N2 is key contributor, affects Brain dev in Children.
Fly ash : converted into waterproofing material, major source of PM 2.5, contains heavy metals, 100x more radioactive than nuke wastes, causes water pollution. Used in mfd of Portland Cement, bricks/blocks/tiles manufacturing, road embankment.
Composite Water Mgt Index (CWMI) by NITI: Guj is ranked one AP, MP, Goa, K.taka and TN. #report
Amazon Rainforest deforestation and forest fires are directly related. Shrunk by 1,345 sq km;
Compensatory Afforestation Fund CAF and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) made by SC under the CAF Act 2016 to compensate the loss of forest area and to maintain the sustainability, establishes National and State Fund, 90% to State. #body
#Report on Global illegal trade in Tigers by TRAFFIC NGO + WWF + IUCN from 2000-18, 2359 tigers seized most from IN then CN then INDO, were traded for skins, bones, claws and teeth.
IPCC report 45% dec in carbon emission from 2010 level by 2030. Disproportionate price being paid by Global south w/ lesser per capita carbon emission #report #important
- JET (Just energy transition) will help resource poor developing countries to make the transition w/o worrying about finances, richer countries should support by changing their energy infra spend 1.5% of GDP, Global Carbon Tax
Expanding plantation of exotic species in Western Ghats can wipe out Shola Vegetation
Emission Trading #Scheme (ETS) by GUJ gov to reduce pollution load at the same time bring the cost down for Industry puts a cap on total emission load.
Black carbon particle due to incomplete combustion found to affect unborn baby, inhalation of it gets transferred from mothers lungs to the placenta of baby can cause miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight etc.
US Agency for International Development (USAID) and MoEF&CC launched ForestPLUS 2.0 to bolster ecosystem mgt #scheme
IPCC - ‘Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate’. Key findings :
- rate of ocean heating more than doubled, marine heatwaves more frequent
- oceans have taken more than 90% of excess climatic heat.
IPCC Working Group III is meeting in IN hosted by MoEFCC to examine links b/w consumption behaviour and greenhouse gas emission.
Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) #report on mass release of Carbon/CO2 emission from past extinction events. Findings :
- 1% carbon is above surface, rest trapped in planets crust and mantle,
- human emission 100x more than volcanoes i.e. 10 giga tons
Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition under International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), aim to improve weather forecasting. Global warming rates in Arctic is 2x normal rates
CSIR develops green crackers, have reduced emissions and decibel levels due to production of water molecules will also be cheaper
MoES (Earth Sciences) launched Air Quality Early Warning System can predict places likely to see stubble burning, uses data of past 15 years from C-DAC creates a probability map
GRAP : prevent worsening of air quality of DEL-NCR, fixes accountability and deadlines, co-ordination among agencies has gone up, prepared by EPCA
Hindu Kush called third pole : rich in socioeconomic and cultural diversity, has 4 global biodiversity hotspot, largest reserve of ice outside of polar region, source of 10 major Asian rivers
Green Wall in NW IN, 1,400km long and 5km wide green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana will check eastward expansion of Thar in sync w/ IN goal to restore 26 mil hectare land
Odd-Even was 1st implemented in Beijing before 2008 Olympics later became permanent.
SC expanded the definition of forest to include lands that were already notified by the centre as well as the dictionary definition - allowed states to evolve their own criteria and define lands as forest.
Global Mobility #Report released by [Sustainable Mobility for All(SuM4All) initiative]{.ul}. no country on track to achieve towards SDG, higher burden on developing countries.
UNEP states adopted the Colombo Declaration for tackling global nitrogen challenge - to halve N2 waste by 2030. N2 runoffs lead to water pollution, cause acid rain, etc. #Treaty #important
Wasteland Atlas 5th edition by Mo Rural Dev; Findings : 16.96% of area is wasteland in 2016 dec from 17.21% in 2009.
2019 Brown to Green #Report by Climate Transparency partnership : review of G20 countries climate performance; Findings : carbon emissions rising, none would achieve their emission target per Paris Agreement.
- IN has most ambitious NDC (Nationally determined contributor), investing most in renewables, progressive policy
Dal lake area to be declared Eco sensitive zone
Jal Jeevan Mission #scheme Mo Water Resources in southern states, provide piped water to all rural and urban household by 2024. IN has only 4% of global freshwater. Looks to create a jan andolan for water based on a community approach.
Water Quality #Report Delhi did not meet requirements MUM met all for tap water.
New Water Policy 2012 currently in force, concept of an integrated water resources mgt approach took river basin/sub basin as unit for planning. Proposed min water levels to be maintained in Ganga.
Lance #Report ‘Countdown on Health and Climate Change’ demonstrates what action needed to meet Paris agreement. Findings : infants will bear greatest burden of malnutrition, rise in infectious diseases eg Cholera, IN particularly at risk : need 7.4% year on year cut in CO2 emission till 2020.
Climate Protection Act by Germany. Features : price on Cemission in transport and heating sector, emission targets in every sector, coys marketing non renewables need to obtain pollution rights
birds deaths in Sambar Lake was caused due to climate Avian Neuromuscular Botulism
Ken-Betwa interlinking project KBLP involves deforestation of portion of Panna tiger reserve to irrigate Bundelkhand region, 1st such project of country.
- Project under National Perspective Plan for interlinking of rivers prepared in 1980.
- Immensely benefit water starved regions of Bundelkhand in UP, MP.
- SPV called KBLP Authority be created for construction of dams ex Daudhan Dam, canals etc.
- National Interlinking of Rivers Authority NIRA be created for planning, investigation, financing, implementation of interlinking projects w/ powers to set up SPVs.
- May lead to dec in pop of tigers, chital, sambar, blue bull etc.
- Daudan dam is to be constructed on the canal. ![[Pasted image 20211211123559.png]]
UNEP flagship Emission Gap #Report : diff b/w the wanted level of emission w/ the projected level of emission. Report measures emissions, commitments of countries, pace at which emission must be reduced. Findings :
- world will fail to reach 1.5 C goal of Paris agreement
- global temp will rise to 3.2 C
- IN is 4th largest GHG emitter will achieve its self-declared climate goals
- Need : Inc funding to NRs, decarbonisation, acces to electricity req
EU has become 1st multilateral bloc to declare climate emergency symbolic move.
Torrefaction tech thermal process used to produce high grade solid biofuels from various strams of woody biomass/ agro residues to reduce stubble burning .
Extra Neutral Alcohol is by product of the sugar industry it is primary raw material for alocholic beverages, is colourless, neutral smell.
World Soil Day on 5th Dec by FAO. Need to protect: holds 3x times Cvis a vis atmosphere, 815 mil people are food insecure, 33% of soils already degraded
Global Climate Risk Index 2020 by Germanwatch HQ Berlin #report . IN specific findings :
- 5th most vulnerable country to CC, worsened from 2017 mainly due to severe rainfall and heavy flooding.
- recorded highest no of fatalities due to climate change and 2nd highest monetary loss, JP is worst hit.
Adaptation fund : estd by Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC it finances projects that help vulnerable comm in developing countries adapt to climate change.
Climate Change Performance Index CCPI 2019 by Germanwatch. IN ranked 9th based on GHG emission, RE, Energy use, Climate policy #report . India specific finding :
- gov yet to form a policy to reduce subsidy to fossil fuels, more stringent laws/ amendments should be made
- US replace KSA as worst, majority countries show decline in emissions
IUCN adds 1840 new species to it Red list of Threatened species. 5 Quantitative criteria to assess extinction risk : rate of pop decline, geographic range, small pop size, restricted living area, probability of extinction.
Central Water Commission CWC #report on heavy metals contaminating IN rivers. Findings :
- 2/3rd of water quality stations are contaminated, Iron most common, Arsenic and Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr.
- Contamination depends on season during monsoon. Sources of pollution are mining, milling, plating, surface finishing industries
Sustainable dev cell by Mo Coal to promote env sustainable coal mining, advise, mentor and plan mitigation measures to max utilisation of available resources.
Project Dolphin similar to P Tiger; Dolphins included in Schedule 1 of WPA and categorise Endangered by IUCN, only live in freshwater are blind and fish using ultrasound.
European Green Deal wants Climate neutrality by 2050 law binding on all mem for zero net emissions. EU committed 40% reduction in emission by 2030 on 1990 levels now promising 50-55%.
Miyawaki method involves planting saplings in small areas it makes them compete for resources and grow 10x faster.
Green Credit #Scheme : allows forest to be traded as a commodity. Now the Forest Dept can outsource its responsibilities of reforesting to NGOs.
Exhaust scrubbers are used in Ships as a method to scrub out sulphur emitted from exhausts, open loop scrubber produces acid as by-product which is discarded in the ocean.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted by Int Maritime Organisation aims to minimize accidental and routine pollution from ships.
Ranking of states was done by Mo Jal Shakti under the National Hydrology Project. Gujarat topped and Delhi was among the worst performing ones.
Carbon Disclosure Project India annual #report by NPO Global Reporting Initiative examines carbon reduction activities of coys. IN among top 5 global to adopt science based target initiative, more coys now reporting RE targets
India has achieved complete phasing out of HCFC 141b used as blowing agent in foam mfg, gases or liquids at room temp, do not dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvents, 2nd most after CFC
Biorocks : steel structures are submerged into ocean and electricity is passed the minerals dissolved in sea accumulate to form Biorocks, used for restoring coral reefs, being done in Gulf of Kutch
African Cheetah is now being reintroduced in India Nauradehi in MP
Montreux record - Keoladeo NP in Raj and Loktak Lake MAN are currently in it. Chilka was there but was removed.
State of Forest #Report 2021 : Forest cover grew AP growth was max. Total forest and tree cover is 24.62% or 80.9 mil hectares.
- Above Ground Biomass has been estimated using L band SAR.
- Mapping of Climate Change Hotspots in Indian Forests

Migration of Animals

2019-05-15 18:34:01

World Migratory Bird day WMBD : 11 may, started 2006 organised by Convention of Migratory Species(CMS) aka Bonn convention under UNEP #important
CMS COP12 Manila : innovative partnership increase awareness, CMS global platform, conservation all migratory species one of its kind
- CMS only global and UN based intergov organisation that deals with migratory birds
UN Env. I [[5.3 Environmental Organisations#Wildlife Crime Control Board WCCB 2007|Wildlife crime control bureau (WCCB)]] launch “Not all birds migrate by choice” campaign, awareness public support prevent smuggle illegal trade, Tiger pangolin 1st stage anim[[5.3 Environmental Organisations#Wildlife Crime Control Board WCCB 2007|WCCB]] statutory under [[Mo-EFCC][[Acts and Policies#WPA 1972 -]] Section 38, collect intelligence enforce law apprehend criminal, crime data bank, coordinate/assist other/foreign agencies, capacity building prosecution, advise Gov. ^aa4622

CA - Disaster Management : April 2019 - Jan 2020 and August 2020 Onwards

2019-04-28 06:39:49

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) #body

IN chose Co Chair yr 2020 in Geneva Swiz 6th session member since 2015, reduce vulnerability to natural disasters, funding by WB, implement [[00 Disaster and DM#Sendai Framework for DRR]]

Role : provide tech assistance, funding, integrate risk reduction method to development, capacity building.

Sendai framework 2015-2030 : adopted on 3rd UN World Conference on Dis Risk Reduction Sendai Japan, 7 targets 4 priorities, voluntary non-binding, resilience of nations,[[00 Disaster and DM#Hyogo Framework |Hyogo Framework]]

4th World Reconstruction Conference held in conjunction with GFDRR, “==Inclusion of resilient recovery==”, platform to collect assess share experience, resilient recovery fosters social inclusion equality dignity diversity no one is left out, Needed to meet SDG.

Cyclone Vayu severe cyclonic storm Arabian Sea (only 14% cyclonic & 23% super cyclonic storms IN), Gujarat sparsely populated impact thus less.
First Resilient Kerala Program, loan WB $250mil against natural disasters, focus strengthening institutional + financial capacity protect assets +livelihood. Need : 2018 flood 1/6th pop affected.
International Charter space and major disasters (2000): non-binding charter, transmission of charitable and humanitarian related data, joining on voluntary basis; Need : fast rescue during emergency, damage mapping offer objective tool to aid disaster mgt #Treaty
Dams [[3. Volcano, Floods#Floods]] situation in Maha and Ktaka. Poor mgt. of dam water.
- Problems w/ IN dams: old, structural deterioration, differential settlement of foundation, clog of filters, increase of uplift pressures, reduction in freeboard, cracks in core, loss of bond b/w concrete structure and embankment, reduction in slope stability erosion of earthen slopes, coordination at state and inter-state level body to oversee coordination

International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infra (CDRI)

launched by PM during UN Climate Summit in NYUS

knowledge is generated and exchanged,

assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices

benefit all sections of society and areas with high disaster risk eg IHR,

would address concerns that are common to developing and developed countries, small and large economies

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) #body organised one day National workshop on Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). [[5. Cloudburst and Cyclone#National Cyclone risk Mitigation Project NCRMP in vulnerable states|National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)]]; PDNA was dev by UN, WB, EU to assess full impact of a disaster, define the needs, looks ahead to restore damaged infra, houses, livelihoods etc.
To meet challenge of climate change pan ==IN climate vulnerability map== is being dev by DST and Swiss agency as part of the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)
[[011 Indian Agriculture and Food Management#NDRF SDRF - National State Disaster Response Fund |NDRF]] under Sec 46 of Disaster Mgt Act 2005 managed by Centre to supplement State DRFs for funding emergency response, relief and rehab. Financed through cess, excise and customs. National Calamity Contingency Duty is levied additionally, people can also give, under the Public Accounts under Reserve funds not bearing interest ^5ac198
International day for disaster reduction on Oct 13 in 1989 objective is to raise awareness
‘Red Atlas Action Plan Map’ atlas made by [[Mo-Earth-Science]] to aid gov on mitigation, preparedness, operations and mgt aspects
‘Coastal Flood Warning System App (CFLOWS-Chennai)’ #scheme for flood mitigation in Chennai by NIOT coastal flood warning integrated system, GIS based decision support sys, hosted and operated by National Centre for coastal Research can simulate and predict what will happen in an area.
[[Shanghai-Cooperation-Organization(SCO)]] Joint Exercise (SCOJtEx)-2019 is to improve disaster response mechanism.
Disaster Mgt #Act 2005 : estd NDMA, National Executive Comm NEC to assist National Authority, Central Gov can issue any direction to any authority anywhere irrespective of any law in force including overriding powers to assist in DM, PM exercises all powers with regards to this, subordinate authorities have to follow the directives ^de7bb2
[[2. Tsunami]] ready - community performance based program by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC - [[Static - Important International institutions, agencies and fora their structure, mandate#UNESCO |UNESCO]] to imp coastal community preparedness, min loss of life and property.
Force Majeure Clause : parties can break from their obligation temporarily or permanently w/o necessary breaching contract during crisis ex war, natural calamity, act of god etc
NH3 leak interacts w/ moisture in body used in fertiliser and formaldehyde mfd
Glacial Lake Outburst flood GLOF caused when dam holding glacial lake bursts, sudden release of water, inc downstream discharge of rivers. Causes - erosion, water pressure build up, avalanche, earthquake etc
FSI #report on [[8 Wild Fires#Wild Fires|Forest Fires]]
- highest in Odisha, collection of Mahua, Kendu leaves, shifting cultivation and grazing major reasons
- National Action Plan on Forest Fire : minimise forest fire by enabling, empowering and incentivising forest fringe communities.
- Forest Fire Prevention and Mgt scheme FPM : Centrally sponsored prgm to assist states

Static - Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment

2020-10-22 08:02:33

Conservation ¹

Pollution²

2019-11-03 15:10:54

Thermal Power Plants

Most Thermal power plants in IN in water scarce areas ;
consume huge amt water causing disruption,
central electricity authority asked TTPs to show metered and un metered usage;
RTI show only 51% of TTPs meet criteria;
Need : self-disclosure should be made mandatory, data should be place in public domain make it transparent, 3rd party evaluation should be made compulsory, these rules should be made enforceable; No specific penalty for specific offences only blanket punishment

Environmental Impact Assessment³

Renewable Energy

2019-06-01 11:44:16

Renewable/Solar:

next 4yrs $80bil investment in RE ,
4th EY’s RE attractive index say that IN get sunlight all yr,
175 RE capacity (100 solar + 60 wind + 10 biomass+ 5 small hydro) + 50 large hydro = 225GW, wind and solar energy suffer lack policy & implementation, 2019-20 cut solar target 23%
India has one of the fastest growing Renewable Energy capacity in the world.
COP-21 in Paris Agreement India said that it’ll achieve 40% of power generation capacity from non fossil fuels.
Target of 450 GW Renewable by 2030.

Prob :

Land aquisition, slowdown eco growth
low adoption of solar power agri pump(KUSUM scheme)
lack long term vision, import tariff 25% solar cells module/safeguard duty + GST & IGST (pre GST no tax) inc capital cost solar prjcts,
decrease tariff main pt of gov but not pass to consumer, Wind Guj gov indifference export.

Mo EFCC

#scheme 2020-06-11 19:24:53

Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats IDWH

centrally sponsored umbrella scheme that consists of Project Tiger, Development of Wildlife Habitats and Project Elephant
would also address the Man-Animal conflict and benefit communities to relocate from core protected areas
implementation by states in designated Tiger Reserves, Protected Areas and Elephant Reserves
Species Recovery program is one of its 3 parts along with Support to Protected Areas except for those under Project Tiger and Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Area program.

Green Skill Development Programme

by Mo EFCC was launched in line with the Skill India programme for skilling in environment and forest sector.

to help in attainment of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), SDGs, National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs) and Waste Management Rules (2016).
aims to train over 5.5 lakh workers
Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India were the nodal Centres
- employment in zoos/wildlife sanctuaries/national parks etc
- implemented by utilising the network and expertise of ENVIS hubs

ENVIS

established by the Government of India as a plan programm in 1982.
on providing environmental information to decision makers, policy makers etc
large number of nodes, known as ENVIS Centres, have been established
has been designated as the National Focal Point for INFOTERRA which is a global environmental information network of the UNEP

Himalayan Research Fellowships Scheme

was started to create a young pool of trained environmental managers, ecologists and socio-economists.
help generate information on various aspects of Himalayan environment.
financial support will be provided under the National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS)
Fellowships will be awarded for a maximum period of 3 years
Areas that are being focused are Water resource management, Hydropower development, assessment and prediction of water induced hazards, ecotourism etc

National Action Plan on Climate Change NAPCC

outlines measures on climate change related adaptation and mitigation it pulls together existing gov national plans on water, renewable energy etc.
Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change in charge of overall implementation
Eight core missions include National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission etc

National Mission for Green India

aims at enhancing India’s diminishing forest cover.
increase forest/tree cover to the extent of 5 million hectares (mha) and improve quality on another 5mha
To improve/enhance eco-system services like carbon sequestration and storage, hydrological services etc
increase forest-based livelihood income of about 3 million households

PARIVESH

stands for Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive and Virtuous Environmental Single-window Hub.

Single-Window Integrated Environmental Management System

online submission, monitoring and management of proposals seeking various types of environment clearances from Central, State and district-level authorities
enables project proponents, citizens to view, track and interact with scrutiny officers
generates online mail alerts to state functionaries in case of delays

Mo Jal Shatkti

#scheme 2020-06-11 19:16:20

Atal Bhujal Yojana

Central Sector Scheme to improve ground water management through community participation in priority areas of 7 states.
implemented over a period of 5 years 2020-25
states are Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
promote panchayat led ground water management and behavioural changes
two major components : Institutional Strengthening - Capacity Building and Incentive Component for the States.
total outlay of Rs 6,000 Crore, 50% shall be in the form of World Bank loan
will be given to the states as grants.

Jal Jeevan Mission

for rural water supply began in 1972 as Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme was renamed as National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) in 2009.
aims to provide Functional Household Tap Connection to every rural household i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal by 2024.
Pani Samitis (water committees) comprising villagers will decide what they will pay for the water they consume.
emphasize the role of gram panchayat and implemented by the states.
Fund sharing is 90 :10 for IHR +NE and 50:50 for other states

Following insitutional arrangements have been proposed.

National Jal Jeevan Mission at the Central level
State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) at State level
District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM) at district level
Village Water Sanitation Committee (VWSC)/ Paani Samiti at village Leve
Public Finance Management System (PFMS) should be used for tracking the funds

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

is a time-bound, mission-mode water conservation campaign
collaborative effort of various ministries coordinated by Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).
Water conservation and rain water harvesting
Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks
Reuse of water and recharging of structures.
Watershed development
Intensive afforestation
Jaldoot a travelling exhibition organised for outreach.

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme:

launched to give loan assistance to the States for almost complete major/medium irrigation projects.
share is 2:1 for General Category States and Special Category States, it is 3:1
also be extended to minor surface irrigation projects of special category states
It has now been subsumed under PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Jal Kranti Abhiyan

consolidate water conservation and management through holistic and integrated approach involving all stakeholders.
Under this Model Command Area approach and Jal Gram Yojana were started.
1 village in all 672 states will be selected.

Namami Gange Programme :

consolidates the existing ongoing efforts
covers 8 states such as Uttarakhand, U.P, Bihar, W.B, Jharkhand, M.P, Haryana and Delhi
involves beautification of river fronts and development of Ghats.
programme is 100% centrally funded

Interventions include

Sustainable Municipal Sewage management
Rural sewage mgt
Industrial discharge and pollution abatement,
River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks,
Ganga Knowledge Centre,
Promotion of Tourism and Shipping in sustainable manner
Ganga Vriskharopan Abhiyan was launched in 5 ganga basin states as part of
Forest Interventions in Ganga (FIG) component of Namami Gange programme.
Clean Ganga Fund has also been established.

Nirmal Ganga Sahbhagita

to assist Urbal Local Bodies for achieving Clean Ganga by sensitzing people.

Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project DRIP

under Mo Water Resources. 80% financial assistance from World Bank and AIIB as loan to improve the safety and operational performance of selected dams.+
100% food grains and 20% sugar be mandatorily packed in diversified jute bags
improve safety and operational performance,
- DHARMA sys to monitor health of dams, Seismic hazard analysis info sys SHAISYS

Ganga Prahari :

volunteers from 5 ganga states to
support the local level institutions and monitor the quality of the natural resources.

Its objectives are

create awareness
link local communities and their livelihoods
link local peoples livelihood and well-being.

Ganga Aamantran Abhiyan

Organise open-water rafting and kayaking expedition on the Ganga River

Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan or GOBAR -Dhan Yojana

managing and converting cattle dung and solid waste in farms to compost, biogas and bio-CNG.
To increase income and keep village clean through SHGs.
1 village in every district will be selected.

Swajal Yojana

is a community owned drinking water programme for sustained piped drinking water supply powered by solar energy.
launched in 115 aspirational districts
train hundreds of rural technicians for operation and maintenance
90% of the project cost will be taken care by the Government

Swacch Bharat Mission

along with Mo Urban Development to achieve universal sanitation coverage.
Behaviour change is the primary focus
Fund share of 90:10 in NE and special category states and 75:25 in other states.
Swachh Manch web platform to bring togther stakeholders, enable uploads of pictorial evidence
ODF Plus and ODF Plus Plus Protocol to follow up.

Jal Mani

for value and quality addition to the ongoing Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme.
Involves installation of stand-alone purification system in rural schools.
Vaishno Devi judged as Swachh Iconic Place for heritage, spiritual and cultural places.

Mo Chemical and Fertilizers

#scheme 2020-06-11 17:57:28

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana :

a direct market intervention scheme of the Do Pharmaceuticals
objectives to make quality generic medicines available at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi Stores/Kendras.
Launched by Dept of Pharma, Mo Chemical and Fertilizer. Pharmaceutical & Medical Devices Bureau PMBI is implementing agency.
Encourages doctors to prescribe generics, any civil society with 3yrs experience can also open JASs.
Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India BPPI is the implementing agency by Mo Chemicals and Fertilizers

Pharma Jan Samadhan Scheme

online redressal of consumers grievances relating to pricing and availability of medicines.
National Pharamaceutical pricing authority NPPA will initiate action within 48 hours.

Other Policies

Neem Coating of Urea mandatory for all the domestic producers to produce 100% urea as Neem Coated Urea (NCU) causes slow release of N2 resulting in reduced consumption good for env
New Urea Policy 2015
- Notified by department of fertilisers with objective of maximising indigenous urea production, promoting energy efficiency in Urea production and rationalising subsidy burden on the govt. Applicable to 25 gas based units.
- From March 2018 new DBT was introduced. Farmer would have to pay the entire cos tof fertiliser upfront and they will get back subsidy amt back from Gov.
- Retailers have a point of sale machine linked to the e-Urvarak portal anyone buying have to show Aadhar or Kisan Credit Card number.
New Investment Policy 2012
Policy on Promotion of City Compost
Use of Space Technology in Fertilizer Sector - study done to map Rock phosphate
Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme - since 2010 - annually subsidized Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers,
Scheme for Development of Pharmaceutical Industry - assistance to Bulk Drugs, Medical Device Industry, Cluster Development Pharma Tech Upgradation Assistance Scheme, Pharmaceutical Promotion Dev Scheme PPDS
NPPA - est in 1997 under Do Pharmaceutical, HQ in Delhi, Fixing/Revising prices of pharma products
Drug Prices Control Order DPCO 2013
NLEM
Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Regions (PCPIRs)
Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET): STAR

PYQ

2020-10-30 16:53:38

PYQ Environment and Pollution Control

What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment?	2018
What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India.	2018
How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna?	2018
‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?	2017
Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects.	2016
What are the consequences of illegal mining? Discuss the ministry of environment and forests’ concept of “GO AND NO GO” zones for coal mining.	2013
Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).	2016
To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry?	2015
Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.	2014
Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.	2014
Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problems of conventional energy.	2013
Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is becoming reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river linking and its possible impact on the environment.	2017
What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?	2013
The Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs?	2015
Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India?	2013

Answers and Analysis

Discuss in detail the photochemical amog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol. (इसके ननमा्भण, प्भाव और िमन को महत्व देते हए फोिोके गमकल स्ॉग की नवस्तारपूव्भक चचा्भ कीजजए । 1999 के गोथिेनवग्भ प्ोिोकॉल को समझाइए।) 2022
Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (क्ा आपके नवचार में भारत अपनी ऊजा्भ आवश्यकता का 50 प्नतित भाग, वष्भ 2030 तक नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ से प्ाप्त कर लेगा ? अपने उत्र के औचचत्य को ससधि कीजजए। जीवाश् ईंधनो से स ं ल्सिडी हिाकर उसे नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ स्ोतो में लगाना उप ं यु्भति उद्ेश्य पूर्त में हकस प्कार सहायक होगा? समझाइए।) 2022
Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (ग्ोबल वार्मग (वैजश्क तापन) की चचा्भ कीजजए और वैजश्क जलवायु पर इसके प्भावो का उल् ं ेख कीजजए । क्ोिो प्ोिोकॉल, 1997 के आलोक में ग्ोबल वार्मग का कारण बनने वाली ग्रीनहाउस गैसो के स्तर को कम करने के ल ं लए ननयंत्रण उपायो को ं समझाइए।) 2022
Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at world leaders Summit of the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (नवम्र में ग्ासगो में नवश् के नेताओ के शिखर सम् ं ेलन में सी. ओ. पी. 26 सं युति राटिट् जलवायु पररवत्भन सम्लन में, आर े भि की गई हररत गग्रड पहल का प्योजन स्पटि कीजजए। अंतरा्भटिट्ीय सौर गठबं धन (आई एस ए) में यह नवचार पहली बार कब हदया गया थिा?) 2021
Describe the key points of the revised Global Air-Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards? ( नवश् स्ास्थ्य सं गठन (डब्लू एच ओ) द्ारा हाल ही में जारी हकए गए सं िोसधत वैजश्क वायु गुणवत्ा हदिाननददेिो (ए. क् ं ू. जी.) के मुख् नबदं ओु का व ं ण्भन कीजजए। नवगत 2005 के अध्तन से, ये हकस प्कार शभन्न हैं? इन सं िोसधत मानको को प् ं ाप्त करने की ललए, भारत के राटिट्ीय स्च् वायु काय्भरिम में हकन पररवत्भनो की आवश्यकता है?) ं 2021
Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (सं युति राटिट् जलवायु पररवत्भन फ़े मवक्भ सम्ेलन (यू. एन. एफ. सी. सी. सी.) के सी. ओ. पी. के 26 वें सत्र के प्मुख पररणामो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए । इस सम्ेलन में भारत द्ारा दी गई वचनबधिताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2021
How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (पया्भवरण प्भाव आकलन (ई.आइ.ए.) असधसूचना, 2020 प्ारूप मौजूदा ई.आइ.ए.असधसूचना, 2006 से कै से शभन्न हैं?) 2020
What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launches by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (जल सं रक्ण एवं जल सुरक्ा हेतु भारत सरकार द्ारा प्वर्तत जल िक्ति अशभयान की प्मुख नविेषताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2020
Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (पारम्पररक ऊजा्भ उत्ादन के नवपरीत सूय्भ के प्काि से नवद्युत ऊजा्भ प्ाप्त करने के लाभो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए। इस प्योजनाथि्भ हमारी सरकार द्ारा प्स्तुत पहल क्ा हैं?) 2020
What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (भारत सरकार द्ारा आरभि हकए गए राटिट्ीय स्च् वायु काय्भरिम (एन.सी.ए.पी.) की प्मुख नविेषताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2020
Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region. (पया्भवरण से सम्ं सधत पाररस्स्नतक तंत्र की वहां क्मता की सं कपिना की पररभाषा दीजजए । स्पटि कीजजए की हकसी प्देि के दीघवोपयोगी नवकास (स्टेनेबल डेवलपमेंि) की योजना बनाते समय इस सं कपिना को समझना हकस प्कार महत्वपूण्भ है।) 2019
What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (ननरंतर उत्न्न हकए जा रहे फें के गए ठोस कचरे की नविाल मात्राओ का न ं नस्तारण करने में क्ा-क्ा बाधाएँ हैं? हम अपने रहने योग्य पररवेि में जमा होते जा रहे जहरीले अपशिटिो को सुर ं शक्त रूप से हकस प्कार हिा सकते हैं?) 2018
What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India. (आद्र्भभूगम क्ा है? आद्र्भभूगम संरक्ण के सं दभ्भ में ‘बुगधिमत्ापूण्भ उपयोग की रामसर संकपिना को स्पटि कीजजए। भारत से रामसर स्लो के दो उदाहरणो ं का उ ं धिरण दीजजए।) 2018
How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (भारत में जैव नवनवधता हकस प्कार अलग-अलग पाई जाती है? वनस्पनतजात और प्ाशणजात के सं रक्ण में जैव नवनवधता असधननयम, 2002 हकस प्कार सहायक है?) 2018
‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (‘जलवायु पररवत्भन’ एक वैजश्क समस्ा है । भारत जलवायु पररवत्भन से हकस प्कार प्भानवत होगा ? जलवायु पररवत्भन के द्ारा भारत के हहमालयी और समुद्रतिीय राज्य हकस प्कार प्भानवत होगे ?) ं 2017
Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. (बडी पररयोजनाओ के न ं नयोजन के समय मानव बस्स्तयो का पुन ं वा्भस एक महत्त्वपूण्भ पाररस्स्नतक सं घात है, जजस पर सदैव नववाद होता है। नवकास की बडी पररयोजनाओ के ं प्स्ताव के समय इस सं घात को कम करने के ललए सुझाए गए उपायो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए। ) 2016
What are the consequences of illegal mining? Discuss the ministry of environment and forests’ concept of “GO AND NO GO” zones for coal mining. (अवैध खनन के क्ा पररणाम होते हैं? कोयला खनन क्ेत्र के ललए पया्भवरण एवं वन मं त्रलय के ‘हाँ’ या ‘नही’ की अवधारणा की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013
Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). (देि में नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ के स्ोतो के सं द ं भ्भ में इनकी वत्भमान स्स्नत और प्ाप्त हकए जाने वाले लक्ो का ं नववरण दीजजए। प्काि उत्ज्भक डायोड (एल० ई० डी०) पर राटिट्ीय काय्भरिम के महत्त्व की नववेचना सं क्ेप में कीजजए।) 2016
To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry? (सौर ऊजा्भ की उपकरण लागतो और ं िैररफ में हाल के नािकीय पतन के क्ा कारक बताए जा सकते हैं? इस प्वृचत् के तापीय नवद्युत उत्ादको और सं बं ं सधत उद्योग के ललए क्ा ननहहताथि्भ हैं?) 2015
Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. ( क्ा यू.एन.एफ.सी.सी. के अधीन स्ानपत काब्भन रिे हडि और स्च् नवकास यांगत्रकत्वो का अनुसरण जारी रखा जाना चाह ं हए, यद्यनप काब्भन रिे हडि के मूल में भारी गगरावि आयी है? आर्थिक सं वृगधि के ललए भारत की उजा्भ आवश्यकताओ की दृ ं नटि से चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014
Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at Pitheads. (सरकार द्ारा हकसी पररयोजना को अनुमनत देने से पूव्भ, असधकाररक पया्भवरणीय प्भाव आकलन अध्यन हकय जा रहे है। कोयला गत्भ- शिखरो पर अवस् ं स्त कोयला-अगग्नत तापीय सं यंत्रो के प ं या्भवरणीय प्भावो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2014
Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problems of conventional energy. (परम्परागत ऊजा्भ की कहठनाइयो को कम करने के ल ं लए भारत की ‘हररत ऊजा्भ पट्ी’ पर एक लेख ललखखए।) 2013
Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (तिीय बाल खनन, चाहे वह वैध हो या अवैध हो, हमारे पया्भवरण के सामने सबसे बडे खतरो में से एक है । भारतीय त ं िो पर हो रहे बालू खनन के ं प्भाव का, नवशिटि उदाहरणो का हवाला देते ं हए, नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2019
Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is becoming reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river linking and its possible impact on the environment. (यह बहत वषमों पहले की बात नही है ज़ब न ं हदयो को जो ं डना एक सं कपिना थिी, परन् अब यह दे ु ि में एक वास्तनवकता बनती जा रही है । नहदयो को जो ं डने से होने वाले लाभो पर एवं प ं या्भवरण पर इसके सं भानवत प्भाव पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017
What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project? (जल वृनटि पोनषत नदी (Run-of-river) जल नवद्युत पररयोजना से आप क्ा समझते है? यह हकसी अन् जल नवद्युत पररयोजना से हकस प्कार शभन्न होती है?) 2013
The Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs? (नामामी गंगे और स्च् गंगा का राटिट्ीय गमिन (एन.एम.सी.जी.) काय्भरिमो पर और इससे ं पूव्भ की योजनाओ से ं गमशरित पररणामो के कारणो ं पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए। गंगा नदी के परररक्ण में कौन-सी प्मात्र छलांगे, रिगमक योगदानो की अपेक् ं ा ज्यादा सहायक हो सकती हैं?) 2015
Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? (भारत की राटिट्ीय जल नीनत की पररगणना कीजजए। गंगा नदी का उदाहरण लेते हए, नहदयो के जल ं प्दूषण ननयंत्रण व प्बंधन के ललए अंगीकृ त की जाने वाली रणनीनतयो की ं नववेचना कीजजए। भारत में खतरनाक अपिेषो के ं प्बंधन और संचालन के ललए क्ा वैधाननक प्ावधान है?) 2013

Swacch-Nirmal Tat Abhiyaan by MoEFCC to make beaches clean and create awareness, best 3 beaches will be rewarded #scheme

[[003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India]] ↩
[[3.1 Climate Change and Impact on India]] ↩
[[1.8 EIA]] ↩

August 2021 Onwards

August 2021 Onwards

Feb 2020 - July 2021

CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

Migration of Animals

CA - Disaster Management : April 2019 - Jan 2020 and August 2020 Onwards

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) #body

International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infra (CDRI)

Static - Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment

Conservation 1

Pollution2

Pollution Related Editorials

Thermal Power Plants

Environmental Impact Assessment3

Renewable Energy

Mo EFCC

Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats IDWH

Green Skill Development Programme

ENVIS

Himalayan Research Fellowships Scheme

National Action Plan on Climate Change NAPCC

National Mission for Green India

PARIVESH

Single-Window Integrated Environmental Management System

Mo Jal Shatkti

Atal Bhujal Yojana

Jal Jeevan Mission

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme:

Jal Kranti Abhiyan

Namami Gange Programme :

Nirmal Ganga Sahbhagita

Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project DRIP

Ganga Prahari :

Ganga Aamantran Abhiyan

Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan or GOBAR -Dhan Yojana

Swajal Yojana

Swacch Bharat Mission

Jal Mani

Mo Chemical and Fertilizers

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana :

Pharma Jan Samadhan Scheme

Other Policies

PYQ

PYQ Environment and Pollution Control

Footnotes

Conservation ¹

Pollution²

Environmental Impact Assessment³