Agriculture

2020-07-06 18:38:34

Agriculture
Agri - Important Facts

Silviculture is art of cultivating forest trees
Olericulture is of vegetables,
Viticulture of grapes,
Arboriculture is of individual trees, shrubs, etc.
Pomology is of fruit,
17.2 % contribution to agriculture, 57% workforce,

Image unavailable in web version: Revolutions in Agriculture

Types of Crops

Kharif - Monsoon Crop from June to Oct/Nov - warm wet weather ex Cotton, Rice, Jowar, Bajara
Rabi from Oct to March - longer length of day ex Wheat, gram, sunflower
Zaid is Summer Crop - warm dry weather, longer weather Ex groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gourds
Cereals are cultivated grasses, Millets are types of Cereal grown in less important area where productivity and economics is less
Pulses are cultivated to enrich the soil and utilise the residual moisture
Forage crops are where entire vegetative part is used as green fodder
Jowar, Bajra, Mung are Rain fed crops. Chilli, sugarcane, Banana, Papaya etc are irrigated crops
Photoperiod is the sunlight time required for plants to flower

Millets

Millets are highly variable small seeded grasses aka cereal crops/grains. Can be white, green, yellow, red etc.
After green revolution production of Millets has drastically gone down.
Can be grown in harsh conditions due to its high resistance.
Do not get destroyed easily and provide cheap and high nutrient options Can be consumed even after 10-12 years of growing -> providing food security.
Has Mg, Vitamin B3 is gluten free and has high protein content.
Nutritionally superior to wheat and rice.
FAO has declared to observe International year of Millets in 2023. 2018 was national year of millets in india.
Ex are Ragi, Bajra, Jowar, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet etc.

Cropping Patterns

Cropping pattern depends upon
- Geographical factors such as Soil, Landforms, precipitation, moisture etc.
- Socio Cultural factors ex food habits, festivals etc.
- Infrastructural factors ex irrigation, transport, storage etc.
- Economic factors like financial resource base, land ownership, size and type of land etc.
- Technological factors ie improved variety of foods.
Rainfed agriculture accounts for 92.8 milliion hectare or 65% of cropped area.
Ratoon cropping : raising a crop with regrowth coming out of roots or stocks of harvested crops. Ex Sugarcane, Banana, Sorghum, Pineapple.
Examples of Intercropping Maize + Cowpea , Sorghum/Groundnut + Redgram, Potato/Wheat + Mustard.
In mixed cropping seeds are grown without row arrangement, drylands, seeds are mixed together and then sown, done for subsistence purposes.
Garden land farming is supplemental irrigation by lifting water from underground sources
Dryland : entirely dependent on rainfall
Mixed farming : farming with crop production, raising livestock, poultry, fishing, bee keeping. Capital intensive.
Specialised farming : 50% of income of total crop production comes from single crop, where no crop gives 50% total income called general/Diversified farming
Crop Rotation : Leguminous crop fixes N in soil should be grown before non-leguminous ones
Eco farming : maintenance of soil the way nature would do if left alone, feed the soil not the plant
Biodynamic farming : biologically organic and ecologically sound and sustainable farming
Organic farming: organic manures, nonchemical weed control, biological pest and disease control, mixed farming, crop rotation, organic cycle optimisation
Permaculture : design system for sustainable environment ex houses, technology etc #PrelimsPYQ
Integrated farming : cropping system, animal husbandry, fisheries etc together
Macronutrients required by plants are - N,P,K, S, Ca, Mg
- Nitrogen : constituent of protein, chlorophyll.
- Phosphorous : enzyme to fix light energy, K for carbon assimilation and transportation of photosynthates, water regulation,
- Sulphur : part of amino acid builds protein
- Ca : cell division, growth and enlargement, pollen growth
Some Micronutrients are : Fe, Zn, Vanadium Va, Ni, Si
Manures : enriches nutrients, aeration of soil, inc water holding capacity
- Farm Yard Manure : cattle dung and urine, litter, fodder etc
- Compost manure - well rotted organic matter
- Oil cakes mostly rich in N, edible one for cattle and non-edible
- Bone Meal - bones of animals rich in K
- Fish meal - NPK
- Green Manuring - ploughing the green plants to soil, Green Leaf Manuring
- Biofertilizers - inc micro organisms
Nitrogen Fixers -

Image unavailable in web version: Nitrogen Fixers

Watershed Mgt : area of land and water bounded by drainage divide within which surface run off collects and flows through an outlet to a river
Terracing : reduces the length of hill slide or slope to reduce erosion and formation of gullies
Physical characteristics of the location where the soil is formed is called Topography
Components of Soil - clay, gravel, Loam(equal mixture of clay, sand, silt and humus), Sand, silt
Soil profile - vertical section of soil showing various layers(aka horizons)
Sodic soils have more Sodium, pH 8.5
- Acidic soils ph 6.0, H+ and Al3+ predominant
- pH 8.5 is called alkaline soil, regions with 25 inc rainfall
- Alfisol - in forest or savanna vegetation.
- Aridisol - found in desert
Podzolisation - caused due to excessive leaching of Calcium, are acidic
Laterisation - when dried become very hard, process removes silica
Gleization - sticky clay formation below the sub surface layer aka hydroorphic soils
Solonisation or Alkalisation is the accumulation of Sodium ions

Stages of Soil Erosion

Splash erosion - 1st stage, when raindrops hit bare soils
Sheet erosion - uniform movement of thin layer of soil
Rill erosion - sheet flows begin to concentrate on land surface, leaving a scouring on the surface
Gully erosion - it is a scoured area not crossable with tillage or grading equipment
Allelopathy - harmful effect of one plant over crops.
Heaving - injury to plants caused by lifting upwards of plant along with soil
Contour farming - ploughing across a slope following its elevation contour lines
Cover crops - grown to cover crops to reduce loss of moisture from soil due to leaching
Hard pan - impermeable layer formed by accumulation of materials, clay etc
Sciophytes - shade loving plants, Heliophytes are sun loving
Hidden Hunger - plants do not exhibit visual symptoms of deficiency
Puddling - ploughing carried out in stagnated water conditions
Subsidiary farming - settled farming in river banks
System of Rice Intensification SRI - involves changes in nursery mgt, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Synthesis of locally advantageous rice production

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Agri - Important Facts

2020-08-20 09:23:40

India stands first in the production of bananas, papaya, and mangoes. During FY20*, 29.64 million metric tonnes (MMT) of banana, 5.64 MMT of papaya and 21.28 MMT of mango were produced in the country.
During FY20*, guavas production amounted to 4.34 MMT.
India is the largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in the country is expected to reach 208 million tonnes (MT) in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, growing at 10 per cent y-o-y.
India has the world’s largest population of buffalos (108.7 million).
India is the largest producer of pulses globally — it stood at 23.01 MT in FY20**.
Among vegetables, India ranks second in the world with 188 MMT production in FY20*; it is number one in producing Okras with 6.44 MMT production in FY20*
Export of Agri and Processed goods was US$ 38.49 billion. basmati rice (US$ 4.71 billion), buffalo meat (US$ 3.58 billion) and non-basmati rice (US$ 3.00 billion)
Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 100 countries/regions, chief among them being the Middle East, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the US.
Export Most by value in 2019-2020 are Cereals Animal Products Other Processed Food Processed Fruits and Vegetables Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
IN 2nd largest exporter of Rice
Agri imports - Palm oil Soya-bean oil Sun/safflower/cotton-seed oil Dried shelled vegetables Miscellaneous nuts Cotton (uncarded, uncombed) Coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashews Synthetic rubber

Image unavailable in web version: Area, Production and Yield (2016-17) Foodgrains’ Rice Nilleat Jowar BAjra Pulses Gram Tur Oil Groundnut Rapeseed and Mustard Co ttonb Sugarcane Table 3 : ha) 128.0 43.2 30.6 5.1 9.9 7.5 29.5 9.6 5.4 26.2 5.3 6.0 10.8 4.4 change in area over 3.9 0.6 -15.4 12.0 18.3 14.1 36.3 0.5 15.6 4.8 -11.8 -10.9 (Million tonnes) 275.68 110.15 98.38 4.57 26.26 9.80 22.95 9.33 4.78 32.10 7.56 7.98 33.09 306.72 change in production 9.6 5.5 16.4 21.5 40.4 32.1 86.6 27.1 12.4 17.4 10.3 -12.0 (kg/ ha) 2153 2550 3216 889 2664 1311 779 973 885 1225 1424 1324 519 change in yield over 5.5 6.3 6.0 27.5 3.9 15.9 18.7 15.8 36.9 26.5 -2.8 12.0 25.0 -1.2 Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Note: * : Fourth Advance Estimates; : tonnes/ha, :lncludes cereals and pulses; b : Million Bales of 170 kg each.*

India is largest Producer of

Millets, Dry Beans, Chickpea, Pulses, Ginger, Okra, Banana, Mango, Guava, Lemons and Lime, Milk, Chilli Pepper, Ginger, Jute, Bast Fibre, Wood Fuel

Image unavailable in web version: Chena Ladang Jhum Podu Milya Konuko Roka Milpa Sri Lanka Java and Indonesia North-eastern India Andhra Pradesh Mexico and Central America Venezuela Brazil Yucatan and Guatemala

Chief Crops and producing States :

Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh
Rice — West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh
Gram — Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Barley — Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
Bajra — Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan Cash Crops
Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
Poppy — Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Oil Seeds
Coconut — Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Linseed — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
Groundnut — Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Rape seed and mustard — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
Sesame — Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
Sunflower — Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra Fibre Crops
Cotton — Maharashtra and Gujarat
Jute — West Bengal and Bihar
Silk — Karnataka and Kerala
Hemp — Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Plantations
Coffee — Karnataka and Kerala
Rubber — Kerala and Karnataka
Tea — Assam and Kerala
Tobacco — Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh Spices
Pepper — Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Cashewnuts — Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
Ginger — Kerala and Uttar Pradesh
Turmeric — Andhra Pradesh and Odisha

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