CA and Static Together : Bilateral, Regional, Global Grouping

2019-11-04 13:28 :16

CA : November 2021 Onwards

2020-03-10 12:54:28

Egypt, Bangladesh, UAE and Uruguay became new mem of [[008 International Economic Organisation and India#3 3 New Development Bank NDB BRICS bank|NDB]]. ![[007 External Sector and Foreign Trade#^6fc60f]]
South-South and Triangular Cooperation held in New Delhi, collaboration among countries of the South in the political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and technical domains
- UN Office for South-South Cooperation - Estd 1974 by UNGA, emerging, middle income and least developed.
Free trade agreement (FTA) w/ EU. Need - risks of being left behind in collapsing global trade, rising protectionism, only major power lacking an FTA with any of its top trade partners, struggle to keep exports competitive, counter China
Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) b/w IN and SWZ; IN will receive fin info on all Swiss accounts held by Indians it. AEOI is periodic transmission of Bulk taxpayer information
Male Declaration : passed by 4th South Asian Speakers Summit held in Maldives; unanimously declared Kashmir to be an internal matter of IN #important #Treaty
IN Ocean Conference 2019 held in Maldives, started by IN has SIN, BAN, SL as members. Theme was ‘securing IOR: traditional and non-traditional challenges.
MNRE awards grant to 4 projects under PACE setter program; constituted by IN and USA corpus of Rs.50 cr to provide early stage grant to accelerate commercialisation of innovative green products business etc.
Agreement on Reciprocal Logistics Support ARLS : b/w IN and RUS simplify mil interoperability and enable mil platforms to receive support and supplies across.
IN BAN sign MoU on withdrawal of water form ==Feni river==. Originates in south Tripura. Joint Rivers commission meeting was held to collect data on water sharing
International Treaty of ==Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture== (ITPGRFA) adopted in 2001 by FAO aka Seed Treaty ensure int agreement, conservation, exchange and sustainable use of Plant Genetic Resources and to protect traditional knowledge of farmers.
ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting ADMM-plus ASEAN mem + 8 dialogue partners to strengthen security, defence cooperation etc held in Bangkok
Recycling of Ships #Act and ratification of Honk Kong Recycling of Ships convention - prohibits the use/installation of hazardous material immediately for new ships, not apply to warships and non-commercial.
HK Recycling resolution 2009 aims at ensuring that retired ships do not pose threat to humans and env, convention is yet to come to force was adopted by the Int Maritime Org IMO in 2009. #Treaty
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective CapabilitiesRC principle within UNFCCC acknowledges diff countries and differing responsibilities of countries in addressing climate change divides them in Annex 1 (more role) and non-Annex 1.
Chabahar Port : IN IR AFG, bypass PAK to supply AFG, boost IN access to IR, Counter CN presence in Gwadar,
US MEX CAN Agreement USMCA replaces NAFTA which was FTA concerns were that such an FTA w/ 2 developed countries and 1 developing country would allow US to move its operation to Mexico. #Treaty
Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement (BIPA) with EU would be different from the FTA that is in discussion. #Treaty
Orders passed by certain designated courts from a ‘reciprocating territory’ can be implemented in India, by filing a copy of the decree concerned in a District Court here scope is restricted to decress for money payment, cannot be based on an arbitration award.
US Taliban peace agreement - US and allies to withdraw all troops and civilian non diplomatic personnel, Taliban not to threaten security of US and allies, release of prisoners.
- India not US ally
- Sidelines Indian support to election process
- Releasing prisoners include Haqqani Network
Foreigners can be deported back for ‘anti-government activities’ not defined by MHA
- Article 19b right to peacefully protest is not available to aliens Art 21 is.
Int Monetary Fin Comm part of IMF has 24 mem drawn from 187 governors
Open Skies #Treaty : allows 34 countries to conduct unarmed surveillance of military installation etc over one anothers territories; data be shared to all countries. USA withdrew, RUS withdrew ^23ce96
Global Vaccine Summit hosted by UK. GAVI :
- global vaccine alliance for children in poor countries,
- Public Private global health partnership
- founded 2000, HQ in Geneva
Track 1 diplomacy : formal diplomatic engagement
- Track 2 : engagement through govt affiliated insti.
- Track 3 : civil society and people to people engagement.
LAC disengagement plan - 5 point action plan, ensure comprehensive disengagement
- Not allow differences to become disputes
- disengage quickly to ease tension
- abide by existing IN CN border protocol avoid escalation
- continued dialogue b/w special reps
- Confidence building measure CBMs
1993-1996 agreements b/w IN CN to reduce troop levels, inspect troops, check use of tanks etc.
Singapore convention on Mediation
- apply to international commercial settlement agreements
- non applicability in judicial/ arbitrary proceedings, personal, family or household
Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement BECA for Geo Spatial Coop BECA
- Previous agreements b/w IN-US Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agree LEMOA, Communications Compatibility Security Ag COMCASA, General Security of Mil Info Agreement GSOMIA.
IN and LUX meet 1st in 20 yrs, is 3rd largest foreign investor in IN, agmnt on Stock exchange, SBI etc.
One Health Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial resistance by FAO, World Org of Animal health and WHO - to preserve anti-microbial medicines.
South Asian Association for Regional Coop : estd 2005, HQ at Kathmandu, BAN, BHU, IN, SL, PAK, SL MAL, AFG, NEP.
- 3% Area, 3.8% Economy, 21% Pop, common tradition culture, similar problems
Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (NCAVES) under ==UN Statistics division==- improve env and ecosys accounting in 5 countries B,I,C,SA and MEX; implemented by MoSPI also CBD.
Supply Chain Resilience Initiative SCRI : to counter CN dominance in supply chain; resilience through sharing best practices, investment promotion, more use of digital tech, build upon existing bilateral mechanism. By IN, JP, AUS.
Turkey quit [[3.2 Role of Women and Women’s organisation, population and other associated Issues, poverty and development issues, Urbanization, their problems and remedies.#^803dbb |Istanbul Convention]] on violence against women.
Luzon strait connects China to Phillipines through the South China Sea.

BBIN (Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal )

Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA) was signed.
BBIN MVA provides for regulation of passenger, personal and cargo vehicular traffic and each nation will bear its own cost of implementation.
- Could inc regional trade by 60%. Promote sub-regional cooperation, Improve logistics performance.
Improves Investment and Coop, Counter BRI and debt trap diplomacy of China.
Better response to natural disasters in region and bolster Act East policy.

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO)

2019-04-28 06:27 :36

IN observer status + access International Monitoring System (IMS) data, ratified 180 countries ,
bans nuke tests, negotiated Conference of disarmament Geneva adopted UNGA in 1996, curbs development nukes, legally binding.
IN has principles, procedural, political and security concerns with it, entry into force (EIF) clause violation of voluntary withhold participation.
Need : required Nuclear disarmament and no proliferation, full implementation required

Kaladan Project(IN MYA)

2019-05-21 11:00:22

Connects Sittwe port Rakhine province MYA, promote eco development NE states Mizoram earlier only through Chickens Neck corridor reduce dist Kolkata 1300km transit through BAN denied.
OP sunrise against militant org NSCN(K), ULFA, NDFB, KLO joint op IN MYA

UN Arms Trade Treaty UN ATT, 2013

2019-05-01 18:22:06

Trump reject UN 2013 Arms Trade treaty, IN too ‘coz effective national control their military grade hardware. Aim : regulate int conventional arms trade, do not fall into wrong hands terrorist orgs.
International trade of conventional weapons be tied to the human rights records of the buyers, evaluate arms deals,
China decides to join, USA pulled out in 2019
UN Trust Facility Supporting Cooperation on Arms Regulation (UNSCAR) voluntary, flexible multi-donor trust fund started to implement UN ATT
IN has not signed the treaty and neither ratified it others are China, DPRK.

[[008 International Economic Organisation and India]] And India

2019-05-10 16:19 :36

2nd mini ministerial meet in Delhi, prep for Astana, Kazakh Ministerial meet, 25 countries, interest of developing and least developed in global trade.
11th Ministerial Buenos Aires failure, US refused reduction of agri subsidies, Developed countries pushed e commerce, investment facilitation
Target : discuss protectionist measures, issues relating to developed least dev. Countries, pluri lateral approach,
Agreement [[Static - Agriculture|Agriculture]] (AoA): limit to subsidies to farmers esp developed ones, India demand permanent solution to implement National Food Security Act. Stringent Non-Tariff measures increases trading cost difficult for poor countriesunable to compete.
Marks to end of western domination in [[008 International Economic Organisation and India|WTO]] and trade, multilateralism key for World, possibly end of [[008 International Economic Organisation and India|WTO]]

IBSA

2019-05-23 12:01 :30

IN-Brazil-South Africa, Brasilia declaration 2003, BRIC overshowed, solidarity developing countries from Bandung conference 1955 UNCTAD G77 BAPA 40+ declaration, South-South cooperation.
Need: special resp. Not discharged BRICS, balanced approach, greater dynamism IBSA.

Indo-Pacific

2019-05-24 09:32:08

![[Pasted image 20220404221731.png]]

Shangri La dialogue 2018 put 10 ASEAN countries at centre, stretches eastern coast Africa - Oceania, security seamless trade dispute settlement dialogue imp.

How integrate?

IOR security in IN hands Navy-Other maritime ex., look east policy, separate Indo-pacific office MoEA coherent architecture thrust - related policy making (Bureaucratic Realignment), BIMSTEC Mekong Ganga eco. Corridor encourage, interaction w pacific island count., IN Africa forum summit,
Promote : sovereignty, territorial integrity, transparency, good governance in region.
Challenges : Chinese presence diplomacy BRI, IN-US views different, Quadrilateral initiative (IN US AU JA) revived integrate w policy, Inclusive open stability, ASEAN unity free trade imp, engage China
Indo Pacific Regional dialogue : organised IN Navy, theme ’ review IN opportunity + challenges’

BIMSTEC

2019-05-29 10:22 :06

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation(BIMSTEC) countries PM, Kyrgyz and Mauritius Prez will come to PMs swearing. ![[BIMSTEC-image1-23265677.png |500x400]]
==MBBS NIT==
BIMSTEC estd 1997 originally had BD IN SL TH + later MYA NEP BHU joined. Has secretariat in Dhaka.
It wants to create an env for economic develop and social growth. Provide assistance to each other in from of training, coop in international and legal matters.
Bay Bengal region is $3tril economy, 22% world pop growth rate 3.5-7.5% huge untapped nat resources, in sync w/ INs Neighbourhood 1st ‘Act East policy’, connectivity will help AP Orissa WB TN, check China influence in Mallaca strait.
BIMSTEC ports conclave held in Vizag
BIMSTEC Disaster Mgt Exercise was held in Bhubaneshwar w/ emphasis on Heritage structure protection.
17th meet charied by Sri Lanka
5th Summit was held in 2022 which adopted the ==BIMSTEC Charter== -> grouping views itself as a regional inter-governmental organisation. Reduced the sectors of cooperation to 7 from 15.
- Master Plan for Transport connectivity was adopted
- Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal matters agmt
- MoU on Diplomatic Training
- Memorandum on Technology Transfer facility was signed.
$ For singnificance think under Economic, Regional Cooperation, Security head.
! Challenges : close economic cooperation missiong due to domestic politics playing more imp role than multilateral engagements.
- Poor infra, Poltical assymetry and non convergence.
- Comprehensive FTA mission and IN seen as regional hegemon. ![[Pasted image 20230112125602.png]]

BEPS(Base Erosion and Profit Shifting)

2019-06-14 15:53 : 16

Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty

Aimed to prevent base erosion and profit shifting
India ratified the treaty
Outcome of OECD/G20 BEPS
Allows for taxation where substantive economic activities take place
MLI will be applied alongside existing treaties, will amend existing DTAA
provides consistency (in implementation) + flexibility (exclude certain treaties, opt out certain provision)
Benefit IN : modification existing tax treat swiftly, ensure IN interest through anti abuse outcomes clauses, curb revenue loss

NAM (Non Alignment Movement)

2019-11-01 13:01 :09

NAM found 1961 in Belgrade

Founding Mem : IN, YUG, EGY, GHA, INDO
ministerial meet held in Venezuela 2019 promotion of peace by following international law
suggestion made by IN were to revise its strategy and embark in a new journey NAM based on 5 principles of Panchasheel eg
respect for territorial integrity,
sovereignty, non-aggression etc, was
IN’s new foreign policy furthering our goals e.g end decolonisation, cold war, apartheid etc, avoid neo colonialism, soft power leadership, balanced friendship. Challenges : NAM eroding due to end of cold war, multi polar world , new reforms were not pushed like UN WTO etc, mem are economically weak Theme Upholding the Bandung Principle and responding to challenges of contemporary world. Non Aligned Movement meeting - 2019-2022 Prez is Azerbaijan, against COVID 19, 120 mem 2nd largest platform after UN,

ReCAAP

2019-06-20 12:47:23

Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCaap),

inter gov agreement
20 mem countries
IN Coast Guard(ICG) focal pt
3 pillars : Info sharing -capacity building -mutual legal assistance
Information Sharing Centre (ISC) in Singapore

Image unavailable in web version: ReCAAP - NEO IAS Current Affairs Plus

RCEPRegional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

2019-11-08 17:10:01

![[Pasted image 20220406104050.png |500]]

10 ASEAN+ 5 existing FTAs nation group (AUS, SKR, JAP, NZ, CN) for FTA will come into effect on Jan 1, 2022 as worlds largest free trade zone in terms of volume.
For eliminating most tariff and non-tariff barriers; world’s biggest such venture.
IN opposes coz RCEP wants greater market access in an already trade deficit country.
Need: if IN does not join its export becomes uncompetitive in RCEP countries, will get greater market access, spill over effect to services and investments.
RCEP negotiations formally launched in 2012 Cambodia.
cheap CN goods will flood IN market making local producers un-competitive and IN is already trade deficit, CAD may inc, IN is a services based economy and ASEAN countries mfd based exporting will hamper mfd in IN etc ^36bd26
IN does not sign the RCEP deal in THA.
Concerns : lowering and elimination of tariffs, reservations of domestic dairy farmers, IN trade deficit w/ CN is $60bil its goods will flood IN markets also detrimental to Make in India initiative and on keeping 2014 as base year for tariff reduction.
Conference of Indian Industry CII wanted the deal : IN can leverage its IT, ICT, Services, Healthcare and education industry, opp to tap large and vibrant economies, could become export hub.
Farmers opposed : dumping of agri products, aggravate agrarian crisis, IPR rules against farmers will inc dependence on foreign seeds.
It is worlds largest free trade zone in terms of trade volume.

India and the Arctic

![[Pasted image 20220406104257.png]]

Observer status in [[4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc#Arctic Council |Arctic Council]]
IN first signed Svalbard treaty in Paris recognised the sovereignty of Norway over Svalbard
IN deployed multi sensor observatory called IndARC in Kongsfjorden
Research is carried under National Center for Polar and Ocean research (NCPOR), Goa under Mo Earth Sciences.
NISER : NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite mission is underway
Contributes to Sustained Arctic Observational Network SAON
Arctic Science Ministerial platform for discussing research and cooperation.
MoES released India’s Arctic Policy. It aims to ==Harmonise polar research==, Deeped coop b/w IN and the Arctic countries, Better analysis, prediction and coordinated policy making to counter melting ice.
Need for Arctic Policy :
- Rising Sea Level -> arctic snow cover has dec 21%
- Will help study ice melting in Himalayas and impact on Monsoon.
- Hydrocarbons and mineral resources could be addressed.
Way Ahead :
- Need an official Arctic ambassador/ representative on arctic affairs.
- Collaborative effort to mine resources.
- Global orientation towards scientific research.
PACER (Polar Science and Cryosphere Research) #scheme by MoES for both Arctic and Antarctic.

PYQ (Bilateral + International Bodies)

2020-10-30 16:41:41

Bilateral, Regional, Global Grouping; International Bodies Structure

A number or outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone to interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018.	2018
What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?	2018
What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.	2017
“The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective.	2016
What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these?	2016
Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council.	2015
The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such agreements have on India’s interests?	2014
Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context.	2014
India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) .How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India.	2014
WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security.	2014
The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.	2013

Answers and Analysis

Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (आपके नवचार में क्ा नबम्टेक (BIMSTEC ) साक्भ (SAARC) की तरह एक समानांतर संगठन है ? इन दोनो के बीच क् ं ा समानताएँ और असमानताएँ हैं ? इस नए संगठन के बनाए जाने से भारतीय नवदेि नीनत के उद्ेश्य कै से प्ाप्त हए हैं ?) 2022

How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics ? (भारत, इजरायल, संयुति अरब अमीरात और संयुति राज्य अमेररका) समूहन वैजश्क राजनीनत में भारत की स्स्नत को हकस प्कार रूपांतररत करेगा?) 2022

Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (स्च् ऊजा्भ आज की ज़रूरत है।’ भू-राजनीनत के सन्भ्भ में, नवशभन्न अन्रा्भटिट्ीय मं चो में जलवायु पर ं रवत्भन की हदिा में भारत की बदलती नीनत का सं शक्प्त वण्भन कीजजए।) 2022

Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (एस. सी. ओ. के लक्ो और उद् ं ेश्यो का ं नवश्ेषणात्मक पररक्ण कीजजए। भारत के ललए इसका क्ा महत्व है ?) 2021

The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the IndoPacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario.(भारत-प्िांत महासागर क्ेत्र में चीन की महत्वाकांक्ाओ का ं मुकाबला करना नई गत्र-राटिट् AUKUS का उद्ेश्य है। क्ा यह इस क्त्र में मौजूदा साझेदारी का स् े ान लेने जा रहा है ? वत्भमान पररदृश्य में, AUKUS की िक्ति और प्भाव की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2021

‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times - Discuss. (‘चतुभु्भजीय सुरक्ा सं वाद (क्ाड)’ वत्भमान समय में स्यं को सैननक गठबं धन से एक व्यापाररक गि में रूपात्नररत कर रहा है - नववेचना कीजजए। ) 2020

Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (कोनवड-19 महामारी के दौरान स्ास्थ्य सुरक्ा प्दान करने में नवश् स्ास्थ्य सं गठन (डलिू.एच.औ) की भूगमका का समलोचनात्मक पररक्ण कीजजए।) 2020

‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. (‘आवश्यकता से कम नगदी, अत्यसधक राजनीनत ने यूनेस्ो को जीवन-रक्ण की स्स्नत में पहंचा हदया है ।’ अमेररका द्ारा सदस्ता पररत्याग करने और सांस्ृ नतक सं स्ा पर ‘इजराइल नवरोधी पूवा्भग्रह’ होने का दोषारोपण करने के प्काि में इस कथिन की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2019

A number or outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone to interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (मध् एशिया, जो भारत के ललए एक हहत क्त्र है, में अनेक बाह्य े िक्तियो ने अपने-आप को सं स् ं ानपत कर ललया है। इस सं दभ्भ में, भारत द्ारा अशगाबात करार, 2018 में िागमल होने के ननहहताथिमों पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2018

What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (यहद ‘व्यापार युधि के वत्भमान पररदृश्य में नवश् व्यापार सं गठन (डब्लूिी० ओ०) को जजन्ा बने रहना है, तो उसके सुधार के कौन-कौन से प्मुख क्त्र हैं, े नविेष रूप से भारत के हहत को ध्ान में रखते हए।) 2018

What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.(सं युति राटिट् आर्थिक व सामाजजक पररषद (इकोसॉक) के ् प्मुख प्काय्भ क्ा हैं? इसके साथि सं लग्न नवशभन्न प्काया्भत्मक आयोगो को स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2017

“The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. (“नवश् व्यापार सं गठन (डब्लू.िी.ओ.) के असधक व्यापक लक् और उद्ेश्य वैश्ीकरण के युग में अंतरा्भटिट्ीय व्यापार का प्बंधन और प्ोन्ननत करना है । परन्ु (सं सध) वाता्भओ की दोहा पर ं रसध मृतोन्खी ु प्तीत होती है, जजसका कारण नवकससत और नवकासिील देिो के बीच मतभेद है ।” भारतीय पर ं रप्ेक् में, इस पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016

What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these? यूनेस्ो (संयुति राटिट् िैशक्क, वैज्ाननक तथिा सांस्ृ नतक संगठन) के मैक्ब्राइड आयोग के लक् और उद्ेश्य क्ा-क्ा हैं ? इनमें भारत की क्ा स्स्नत है ? 2016

Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council. (संयुति राटिट् सुरक्ा पररषद में स् ् ायी सीि की खोज में भारत के समक् आने वाली बाधाओ पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015

The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such agreements have on India’s interests? (सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी समझौतो का उद् ं ेश्य हस्ताक्रकता्भओ द् ं ारा सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी उत्ादो पर सभी करो ं और ं प्िुकिो को कम करके ं िून् पर लाना है। ऐसे समझौतो पर भारत के ह ं हतो पर क् ं ा प्भाव होगा?) 2014

Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context. (अंतररा्भटिट्ीय ननधीयन संस्ाओ में से कुछ की आर्थिक भागीदारी के ल ं लये नविेष ितदे होती है, जो ित्भ लगाती है हक उपस्र के स्ोतन के ललए इस्तेमाल हकया जाने वाला सहायता का एक बडा भाग, अग्रणी देिो से उप ं स्र स्ोतन के ललए इस्तेमाल हकया जाएगा। ऐसी ितमों के गुणो-अवगुणो ं पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए और क्ा भारतीय सं दभ्भ में ऐसी ितदे को स्ीकार न करने की एक मजबूत स्स्नत नवद्यमान है।) 2014

India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) .How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India. (भारत ने हाल ही में ‘‘नव नवकास बैंक’’ और साथि ही ‘‘एशियाई आधाररक संरचना ननवेि बैंक’’ के संस्ापक सदस् बनने के ललए हस्ताक्र हकये हैं। इन दो बैंको की भू ं गमकाएं एक दूसरे से हकस प्कार शभन्न होगी? भारत के ललये इन दो बैंको के रणनी ं नतक महत्व पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014

WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. ( नवश् व्यापार संगठन एक महत्वपूण्भ अंतरा्भटिट्ीय संस्ा है, जहां ललए गए ननण्भय देिो के गहराई से ं प्भानवत करते हैं। डब्लू.िी.ओ. का क्ा असधदेि है और उसके ननण्भय हकस प्कार बंधनकारी है? खाद्य सुरक्ा पर नवचार-नवमि्भ के नपछले चरि पर भारत के दृढ़-मत का समालोचनापूव्भक नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2014

The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (नवश् बैंक व अंतरा्भटिट्ीय मुद्रा कोष, संयुति रूप से ब्रेिन वुड्स नाम से जानी जाने वाली संस्ाएँ, नवश् की आर्थिक व नवत्ीय व्यवस्ा की संरचना का संभरण करने वाले दो अन् सरकारी स्तभि हैं। पृष्ठीय रूप में, नवश् बैंक व अंतरा्भटि ीट् य मुद्रा कोष दोनो की अनेक समान ं नवशिटिताएँ है, तथिानप उनकी भूगमका, काय्भ तथिा असधदेि स्पटि रूप से शभन्न है। व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2013