Culture

2020-04-27 12:23 :11

#todo

Persian Literature

2020-04-27 12:23:19

$ Ijaz I Khusravi - talks about curriculum adopted by madrasas

Minhas Us Siraj - Tabaqat I Nasiri

Nature and character of Muslim aristocracy, civil administration, organisation of court.
~ scholar of Islam under Qubacha, Iltutmish.
KA Nizami has called his details of incidents truthful but is prejudiced in his causes and circumstances.
Book 22 has biographical sketches of courtiers, military generals, governors from 1227 - 1259.

Ziauddin Barani - Tarik I Firoz Shahi and Fatwa I Jahandari

Aristocrat, Turkish immigrant in Delhi under MBT, Associate of Amir Khusrau
~ Book Tarik I Firoz Shahi deals with Sultanate history from 1259-1359 from where Minhas had left.
account of MBT unfair, biased and deliberate distortion of facts
account of FST is flattery
~ most imp contribution is what he writes about preceding Sultans
Accounts are analytical and critical, biases are religious outlook, personal discomfiture, class consciousness, aristocratic complexion.
Fatwa I Jahandari is complementary to previous work
~ Deals with powers and functions of crown, privileges of nobility, doctrine of safety of state, law and order problem, crime, religion, politics.

Amir Khusrau

Khazainul Futuh : Details of conquest by Allauddin Khalji
Tuti e Hind, rep Indo-Muslim culture
Hindavi/Urdu
~ Wrote masnavis
Use of hyperbole poetry, literary compositions, does not distort facts like Barani
Does not follow chronology, factual mistakes
~ Nuh Sipir a masnavi shows his love for India
Also wrote Mifthul Futuh, Dewal Rani Khizr Khani - authentic sources of Khilji dynasty
1st prominent rep of Indo Muslim culture, took pride in his country
Turkish ancestry Settled in Etah, UP
~ Contact w/ Nizamuddin Auliya gave him title of Turkallah - Turk of God
Hindi or Zaban I Hindi had no comparison w/ Arabic Language
Founding fathers of Hindi language, literature dev poems, couplets, riddles, other popular sayings
~ Rekhta was mixture or hotchpotch of Persian and Hindi

Dev of Urdu Language

@ Most significant dev in literary field during AK reign
Linguistic mingling b/w H, M brought by pressures of natural laws
Amir Khusrau first spokesman
Dehlavi was earliest dialect
@ Urdu means horde used as derogatory epithet for Mongol troops, became popular among the soldiery, populace of Delhi.
Theories of Origin
- Seeds in NW India Punjab under Ghaznavids
- Hariyanvi, Kahri Boli in Delhi during that time influence develop of Hindavi/Dehlavi during Khusrau’s days.
- Further enriched by Brajbhasha, Rajasthani.
- Zaban I Urdu or language of the army dev as synthesis of Persian, Arabic and various above mentioned dialects.
& Khusrau took initiative to use Persian script for it
& Hindu writers used Devanagri script
M scholars used Persian, Arabic vocabulary, copied syntax, similies, themes from these languages and gave it a literary form
Dehlavi assumed the name of Hindi later

Urdu in Deccan

U never patronised by sultans of Delhi
Reached as language of troops after penetration by Khalji’s armies
@ Court language of Bahmanids, Bijapur and Golconda
Successors of Quli Qutub Shah patronised Dakhini Urdu.
$ Nusrati who lived during 17th century wrote a tale about Manohar and Madhu Malati called Gulshan e Ishq. During the reign of Adil Shahi rule

Hindus Undertake Study of Persian

Initial 200 yrs stayed away from it
Political exigency, to secure gainful employment was undertaken
Kayastha’s took initiative

Literature in Regional Languages of North India

2020-04-27 12:23:28

Regional religious and secular literature developed in higher learning centres.
~ University of Mithila - Vidyapati authored Maithili songs
~ University of Nadia - Halayudha wrote Smriti Sarvasva, Nyaya Sarvasva
- Jayadeva wrote Gita Govinda
Liberal patronage to Sanskrit under Zainul Abedin aka Akbar of Kashmir
Ratnavajra - translated 14 Sanskrit works to Tibetan
Hemachandra Suri in Sanskrit and Prakrit
Hindi, Bengali, Marathi originated during the 8th cent. Buddhists, Jains, Nath Panthi siddhas used apabhramsa.
Amir Khusrau notes various laguages such as Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Kubari/Dogri, Dhur Samudri/Karnataka, Tilangi/Telugu, Gujar/Gujarati, Mabari/Tamil etc. Their rise was striking feature of medieval period.
~ Marathi was adm lang in Bahmani kingdom and later at Bijapur court.
Nusrat Shah of Bengal had Mahabharat and R translated in bengali.
Sufi saints like Mulla Daud wrote Chandayan in Hindi. Malik Muhammad Jaisi wrote Prithvirajraso.

Literature in Regional Languages of South India

2020-04-27 12:23:45

#todo Tamil Literature
Golden period ended w/ decline of Cholas.
& Villiputturar 13th century was an imp poet translated Mahabharata was called Bharatam. Introduced use of Sanskrit words in T poetry.
& Arunagirinatha was another poet. Composed Tiruppagal praising god Murugan.
Vaishnava scholars wrote commentaries. Other commentaries were written on works of Sangam age ex Tolkapiyam.
Kachiappa Sivachariar composed Kanda puranam in praise of God Subramanya

Telugu

@ Errapragada 14th cent was most imp poet. Popularised Champu genre of literary writing, composed Ramayana in Champu style. Also translated part of MB and Vaishnava sanskrit works like Harivamsha.
Srinatha 14th century translated Naishadha kavya of Sriharsha. Laid foundation of classical prabandhas in Telugu literature.
Potana translated Bhavata Purana.
@ Reached zenith under Vijayanagara king Krishnadeva Raya. KDR wrote Amukya Malyada, patronised poets like Peddanai Peddana who wrote Manu Charita in Telugu. #important
Influence of Sanskrit inc.

Kannada

Upto 12th cent was dominated by Jain writers.
Virasaivism started influencing after 13th cent.
Vachana works of Basava. Bhima Kavi composed basava Purana in 14th cent.
Harisvara and Raghavanka were other Virasaiva poets.
~ Hoysala rulers patronised it.
Rudra Bhatta wrote Jagannathavija in Champu lit based on Vishnu Puran.
Vijayanagara kings also patronised K lit ex Kumaravyasa who composed K version of MB.

Malyalam Lit

Youngest South lang.
Separated from Tamil and acquired independent form in 14th cent.
New political forms introduced by foreigners contributed to its dev.
Earliest lit comp was Rama Charitam.
16th cent onwards came under influence of Sanskrit.

Sultanate Architecture and New Structural Forms

2020-04-27 12:23:57

Features of the Indo Islamic and Indo Saracenic Architecture :

use of arch and domes known as ‘arcuade’ style and replaced ‘Trabeat’ style.
introduced the use of minars around the mosques, mausoleums
Mortar cementing agent
avoided the use of human and animal figures
spaciousness, massiveness and breadth
calligraphy as decoration
Arabesque method use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation with multiples splits
Geometrical Symmetry in designs
buildings had intricate jaali works, which signifies the importance of light in Islamic religion
Water was used in the premises in forms of courtyard pools, fountains, for ablations etc
introduced the Charbagh style of gardening
pietra-dura - inlay of precious stones and gems into stone walls
use of foreshortening technique in the buildings, such that the inscriptions appear to be closer than it really is

Imperial Style of Architecture during the Delhi Sultanate

Slave Dynasty

During the slave/ilbari dynasty Mameluke style was popular
~ remodellings of the existing Hindu structures was done
! Monuments like Qutub Minar and Quwat ul Islam mosque made
Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer both built by Aibak.

Khalji Dynasty

During the Khalji dynasty Seljuk style of arch used
use of Red sandstone
Arcuade style got prominence and use of Mortar began
! Ex Alai Darwaza and Siri Fort

Tughlaq Dynasty

Tughlaq dynasty was crisis period
use of grey sandstone with emphasis on strength rather decoration
combined both archuate and lintel method to construct batter characterised by sloping walls.

Lodi Dynasty

~ Lodi Dynasty only tombs were made, architecture was not that prominent.
@ One imp feature was the introduction of double domes consisted of a hollow dome inside a top dome.
this was done to give strength and lower the inner height of the dome.
Tombs were hard and bare without decoration, supported by a sloping verandah.

Painting

2020-04-27 12:24:20

Miniature Art during Delhi Sultanate

Persian elements merged with Indian Traditional elements.
Preference to illustrated manuscripts were given.
Ex Nimatnama a book on cookery made during the reign of Nasir Shah of Mandu.
Lodi Khuladar style was also popular in areas if Delhi and Jaunpur.

Evolution of Composite Culture

2020-04-27 12:24:29

#todo
Turkish rulers were not barbarians and had inherited the cultural and administrative standards set by the Abbasid caliphate.
They inherited IN’s rich tradition in the field of architecture, literature, forms of govt or S&T.
Contact b/w Hinduism, Buddhist amd Islam had started before the coming of Islam to IN.
Difference b/w both religions made the process of rapproachment slow. Conflicts also went side by side w/ rapproachment. ![[2.2 Religion#Impact of arrival of Islam on Society Culture Polity Arts and Religion#Culture]]

PYQs

Culture

Where, when and how did Urdu originate? [1985, 20m]

“The period of Delhi Sultans witnessed the emergence of Indo-Persian culture.” Discuss the statement with reference to developments m the fields of language. [1986, 60m]

Write a short essay on: “Indo-Islamic architecture during the Khalji and Tughluq period.” [1992, 20m]

Write a short essay on: “Ziauddin Barani as a historian.” [1994, 20m]

Comment on: “Growth of regional languages and literature during the medieval period.” [1995, 20m]

Write a short essay on: “Amir Khusrau was an eminent poet not a historian.” [2000, 20m]

Give a critical assessment of the contributions of Amir Khusarau and Barani to Indo -Persian Literature. [2009, 30m]

Critically evaluate the educational development during Sultanate period. [2013, 15m]

Trace the technological and stylistic development in the architecture of the Sultanate period. [2014, 15m]

Do you think that the economic measures introduced by the Sultanate rulers were beneficial to the common people as well? Illustrate with examples. [2016, 20 Marks]

Evaluate the contents of the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri as a source of medieval history. [2016, 10 Marks]

Describe the new architecture features added by successive Sultans in the construction of Tombs in India. [2018, 20 Marks]