Current Affairs, Topic/ Issue Analysis

2019-05-06 19:52 :29

Current Affairs, Topic/ Issue Analysis
Schemes
- Mo Culture
- PIB 2019 Year End
PYQ : Culture
- Answers

Temples in India

Jaggarnath temple in Puri Odisha was believed to be constructed in 12th century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga of the Eastern Gangas aka Yamanika Tirtha and White pagoda.
Konark temple aka Black Pagoda and Jagannath White Pagoda. Chandrabhaga Mela is held here
- Konark sun temple : King Narasimhadeva I of Ganga Dynasty aka Black Pagoda.
Kambala is buffalo race in Karnataka
Kumbhabhishekam : held once in 12 yrs in Brihadeeswara temple, Thanjavur - built by Rajaraja Chola I is the 1st all granite temple in the world on banks of river Kaveri aka Dakshin Meru. Fully Dravidian arch
Chardham highway #scheme by under Mo EFCC reps from various stakeholders connects sites of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri.

Recent Archaeological Discoveries

Recent evidence of Dairy production during IVC from Kotada Bhadli in Gujar
Bodhisattva (Jataka Chakra) stucco sculpture found at Phanigiri in Suryapet, Telangana, Biggest ever 1.73mtr tall 35cm width dates to 1700 yrs ago of peak ==Ikshvaku dynasty==
Keezhadi excavation new dating shows Sangam was older than expected 580 BC. Findings:
- Tamil Brahmi is as old as 6th century BC.
- Inscribed pots implied people were literate had ==agrarian pastoral society==,
- brick and roof tiles made of silica and lime of good quality - ==high standard of living== shown by terracotta ring wells used for drainage.
- water storing; iron nails etc were also found, child burial also found
ASI excavation at Gottiprolu, AP. Finding :
- a trade centre;
- Vishnu sculpture, pottery, brick built structure, moulded female terracotta figure w/ hands lifted up,
- lead & copper coins etc were found
- Dated during the ==Satvahana/ Iksvaku period==
- Findings indicate ==strategic trade location==, amphorae wares show liquid was transported,
- early prehistoric tools also found, terracotta pipes - drainage
ASI found Sanskrit inscription in South IN from Chebrolu Village in Guntur AP :
- in Sanskrit and Brahmi characters, issued by ==Satavahana King Vijaya in 207 AD==
- records the const of a temple, mandapa, consecration of images of godesses Bhagavathi, Saktimatruka.
- Saptamatrikas also has reference in Kadamba copper plates, early Eastern Chalukya copper plates.
- Satavahanas had different capital at diff times in Pratishthana and Amravati
Excavation near Nagardhan, Nagpur :
- ==capital of Vakataka dynasty==
- inscriptions in conch shells bearing name of Queen Prabhavatigupta in Brahmi script.
- could be a royal permission of trade or a sign of Vaishnava affiliation.

Famous Cultural Personalities from History

Swami Vivekanada
- 1893 Parliament of World Religion, Jan 12 birth celebrated as National Youth Day
- Intro Yoga and Vedanta to West, called Maker of Modern IN by Bose
- Neo Vedanta -> combine spirituality w/ material progress. Belur Math 1899, Ramakrishna Mission 1897
Sree Narayan Guru :
- Born in Kerala 1856 advocated social equality -> no casteism, education for all and spiritual enlightenment.
- Slogan ‘One Caste One Religion One God for all’.
- Estd Sree Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam SNDP.
- Participated in temple entry, Vaikom satyagrah, wrote poems during independence struggle.
- Advait vedanta and founded Advaita Ashram
Nov 11 is National Education Day birth Anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
[[2.1 Philosophy#Ramanuja|Ramanuja]]
[[6.4 Social Reform movements viz Sati,Widow Remarriage,Child Marriage etc.#1.3.1 Jyotiba Phule|Jyoitba Phule]]
[[2.1 Philosophy#Basavanna]]
Abanindranath Tagore founder of Bengal School of Art. Created Indian Society of Oriental Art. Modernised Mughal and Rajput paintings, works revovled around Hindu philosophy. BudoAngla, KhirerPutul and Rajkahini are his childrens books
[[12.3 Communalism and Politics of Partition#Veer Savarkar|Veer Savarkar]]
Maharshi Badrayan Vyas was a philosopher wrote the basic text of the Vedanta system, the Vedāntasūtra a.k.a. Brahmasūtra systematizes and summarizes the philosophical and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads
Postage stamp for 750th birth anniversary of Sri Vedanta Desikan : Vaishnava guru/philosopher of post Ramanuja period was disciple of Kidambi Appullar.
Guru Ravidas : Bhakti saint, Varanasi untouchable caste.
- Disciple of Ramananda and contemporary of Kabir, his disciple was Mirabai.
- Removal of social division, his ==utopian vision was of Begampura== a city w/o sorrow, works are Adi Granth of Sikhs and Panchavani.
- Led to formation of Ravidassai religion based on his teachings
- He said that God was omnipresent and human was part of it, he rejected the idea that people considered lower caste cannot meet god.
Subramaniya Bharatiyar poet freedom fighter, social reformer from TN aka Mahakavi songs such as Kannan Pattu, Kuyil Pattu, Panchali Sabatam published Sudesa Geetangal in 1908. Was against caste system, ==condemned the Shastras==.
1807 Battle of Kasur, 1813 Battle of Attock and 1818 Battle of Peshawar are associated w/ Hari Singh Nalwa.
Paramhansa Yogananda commemorative coin released he is known as father of Yoga in west.
Kartarpur corridor : connects Gurudwara Kartarpur sahib PAK to Dera Baba Nanak in IN, Guru Nanak ‘s 550th birthday.

Cultural Heritage sites

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Ramappa Temple Telangana -> World Heritage site built by Kakatiya king Ganapatideva in 13th cent. Using Sandbox technique of filling pit w/ mixture of sand lime, jaggery, fruit -> act as cushion during Earthquake.
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites : only global NGO associated w/ UNESCO to help protect/conserve heritage sites.
Dholavira 40th World Heritage site located in Khadir island of Rann of Kutch has 2 seasonal streams Mansar and Manhar. 5th largest Harappan site.
[[9.7 Shivaji-and-the-Early-Maratha-Kingdom#^ba929a |Raigad Fort]]
Durga Puja has been given [[4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc#^ef972b |intangible cultural heritage]] tag by UNESCO. India has a total of 14 such sites.
Hampi - world heritage site is located near Tungabhadra river.
Cultural sites mentioned in the Budget were Rakhigarhi, Hastinapur, Shivsagar, Dholavira and Adichanallur.
World Heritage Site : by UNESCO, natural or man-made area of international importance, IN ==has 38 such sites==, have cultural or physical significance.
Historic Urban Landscape #scheme by UNESCO : integrated approach to manage sites.

![[#Intangible Heritage]]

![[#Junior Heritage Mistri]]

![[#^13adde]]

Inscriptions

Inscriptions - Pattadakkalu in Karnataka royal burial site for Chalukya dynasty
==Skandagupta== known from Bhitari inscription, Junagadh rock inscription issued 5 types of gold coin archer, king, chhatra, Lion slayer and horseman and 4 types of silver coin Garuda, Bull, Altar, Madhyadesh.
Kakatiya : 12-14th century, rulers like Ganapathi Deva, Rudramadevi around areas of Telangana, AP, Ktaka, Odisha. Prataprudra I reign Kakatiya’s declared sovereignty, usage of Telugu inscription began, Marco Polo visited, ==Hanakonda was capital==.

Festivals, Languages and other Cultural practices.

Ambubachi mela in Assam worship Kamakhya devi serves as promotion of menstrual hygiene
Raja Parba : Odisha dedicated to Mother Earth
Kanjur : Mongolian religious texts means concise order of Buddha
Dekho Apna Desh #scheme : Webinar series to showcase IN rich diversity by MoTourism
Shankhalipi script : looks like shells derived from Brahmi script dated 4th-8th centuries discovered in 1836 by James Princep.
Sattras : monastic institutions created by Shankardeva, to promote worship through art
Vishwa Shanti stupa at Rajgir is highest peace pagoda built by JP
Bodo Language was written in at least 3 diff scripts Devanagari is official Assamese/Bangla and Roman are others. In ancient times was called as Deodhai. ==1st tribal language to be included== in 8th schedule.
31st October is Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
Adarsh Smarak #Scheme under Mo Culture provide visitor amenities esp to PH

Tourism

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India’s rank in Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) of ==World Economic Forum== has moved from 65th rank in 2013 to 34th rank in 2019 #report
==Adopt a Heritage== #scheme : Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan collaborative b/w Mo Tourism, Culture and ASI to dev tourist amenities at heritage tourist site, monument mitras are lowest bidders to improve monuments ^13adde
E-Visa has 4 categories Tourist, Business, Medical and Medical Assistant. Entry valid in 28 designated airports and 5 seaports available to 169 countries. E-tourist visa for 5 yrs now, reduced fee.
GST on hotel room w/ tariffs b/w 1001-7500 is 12% to improve tourism
Find the Incredible You campaign by Mo Tourism got the PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association) Gold Award in Marketing primary gov destination category. #scheme
Paryatan Parv by Mo Tourism theme was Mahatma Gandhi. #scheme
8th International Tourism Mart w/ Manipur
Various digitisation measures in the sector includes
- Incredible India websites and mobile app
- NIDHI database for reg of tourism service providers
- Digitisation of Swadesh and Prasad scheme
- Multi Lingual 24x7 helpline
National Digital Toursim Mission NDTM to concentrate on
- Domain principles like Value driven model, unifying of services, outcocme driven approach and affordable choices
- Design and arch principles ex being open and inter operable, innovation etc.
- Tech principles -> using data as asset, sharing of data etc.
- ! While thinking about benefits think about the various stakeholders in the scheme like Toursim Ministry, Tourists, Tour Service providers, Shopkeepers around tourist sites, Start ups, Hotel owners, Transportation providers

Schemes

Mo Culture

2020-06-11 19:14:24

Intangible Heritage

#Scheme #MoCulture

revitalizing various institutions, groups, individuals, NGOs, researchers and scholars to engage in promoting cultural heritage.
implemented through Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Its domains include

oral traditions, expressions, languages etc
Performing arts, social practices, rituals
knowledge practices
traditional craftsmanship

Junior Heritage Mistri

#Scheme #MoCulture

under Centre’s Heritage Mason programme.
Rajasthan chosen as pilot State for scheme,
provides training youths on ==indigenous building practices, arts and crafts, traditional structures and knowledge systems==

Project Mausam by Mo Culture

#scheme #MoCulture

to showcase a Transnational Mixed Route
how monsoon winds has shaped ==cultural, commercial and religious interactions== across Indian Ocean.
ASI is nodal agency

![[Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 2021#^9293ea]]

PIB 2019 Year End

2020-03-06 17:06:28

Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM), the international theatre festival of India organised by National Drama School
Virtual Experiential Museum has been established by the *National Council of Science Museum (NCSM) under Mo Culture ^fcff0a
‘Azaadi ke Diwane’ museum was inaugurated at Red Fort by ASI
Once upon a Try - largest online exhibition about inventions and discoveries ever curated by Mo Culture and Google. ^fbaa0c
India gets its ==38th world UNESCO World heritage site As Pink City Jaipur== at 43rd session of World Heritage Committee at Baku
Markandeshwar temple in Maharashtra known as Khajuraho of Vidarbha
Ghar-Ghar Dastak Ghar Ghar Pustak #scheme by Delhi Public Library
==Nepali and Santhali== languages included in the #scheme for grant of Senior/Junior Fellowships of Culture Ministry
Maharashtra’s Phupgaon ASI excavation revealed Iron age settlement b/w 7th-4th century BCE
NOC online Application Processing System for National Monuments Authority for help in getting construction permits in protected areas of ASI
Mobile Science Exhibition (SCIENCE EXPLORER) for the entire Ladakh Region in Leh
Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat :
- to celebrate, promote, showcase culture diversity etc.
- ==Each state is paired with another state to inc understanding.==
- Involves translating books,cultural exchange etc.
- Rashtriya Sanskrit Mahotsav was organised under this.
UNESCO has designated Mumbai as a member of UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in the field of Films and Hyderabad in the field of Gastronomy.
- Srinagar in 2021 was selected as creative city under Craft and Fold Arts category.
- UCCN was created in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities that have identified cities. There are a total of 5 Indian cities Jaipur for crafts and folk arts, Varanasi - for Music and Chennai - for Music are others.
Indian culture portal is the first government authorized portal where knowledge and cultural resources of various organizations of Mo Culture are available in public domain on a single platform.
New DNA study of cemetery at Rakhigarhi shows Indus Valley people had independent origin they do not contain the genome of Steppe people or Iranian farmers, no trace of Anatolian related ancestry as well. This questions the Aryan Invasion Theory/OIT. #MainsPYQ
Niccolo Manucci an Italian traveler has given the description of Dara Shikoh and Aurangazeb’s rivalry.

PYQ : Culture

2020-10-30 13:40:55

Question	Year
Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss.	2013
Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions.	2013
Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment.	2013
Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.	2014
Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu / Muslim societies to any appreciable extent. Comment.	2014
Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss.	2014
To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss.	2014
Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but also a tine aesthetic sense comparable to modem painting. Critically evaluate this comment.	2015
The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment.	2015
Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.	2016
Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss.	2016
How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times?	2017
Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India.	2018
The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss.	2018
Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss.	2018

Answers

How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (स्पटि करें हक मध्कालीन भारतीय मं हदरो की मूर् ं तकला उस दौर के सामाजजक जीवन का प्नतननसधत्व करती है? ) 2022

They provide a glimpse into the daily life of people, their clothing, ornaments, hairstyles, occupations, and social status. The sculptures also represent the beliefs, customs, and traditions of the people, as well as their relationships with each other and with the divine. Through the intricate carvings and sculptures on the temple walls, one can gain insights into the artistic, architectural, and technological advancements of that time.

Khajuraho Temples : sculptures on the walls of these temples depict gods and goddesses, scenes from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and daily life scenes such as hunting, farming, and dancing.

Konark Sun Temple The sculptures on the walls of the temple depict artisans, farmers, and traders engaged in their respective occupations.

Belur and Halebidu Temples.

Hampi temple : known for their sculptures depicting various dance forms and musical instruments, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of medieval India. The sculptures on the walls of these temples also depict scenes from Hindu mythology, daily life, and religious rituals.

Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (भारतीय गमथिक कला और वास्तुकला में ससह एवं वृषभ की आकृ ं नतयो के महत्व पर ं नवचार करें।) 2022

The lion and bull are significant figures in Indian mythology, art, and architecture. In Hinduism, the lion and bull are believed to be the vehicles (vahanas) of two of the major gods, respectively. The lion is the vehicle of Goddess Durga, also known as Shakti, who represents strength, power, and protection. The bull is the vehicle of Lord Shiva, who represents destruction and regeneration.

In art and architecture, the lion and bull figures are commonly found in sculptures and carvings. For instance, the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath, a prominent example of Mauryan art, features four lions at the top of the pillar, representing the ideals of dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Similarly, the bull is a common motif in the architecture of Hindu temples, especially those dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Nandi bull, which is often depicted as sitting in front of Shiva’s linga, symbolizes strength, stability, and devotion.

The lion and bull figures also hold significance beyond their roles as vahanas in Hindu mythology. For instance, the Ashtamangala, a set of eight auspicious symbols in Buddhism, includes the lion and the bull. In Buddhism, the lion represents the Buddha’s teachings, while the bull symbolizes the Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath.

Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (भारतीय परम्परा और सं स्ृ नत में गुप्त-काल और चोल काल के योगदान पर चचा्भ करें।) 2022

During the Gupta period (4th to 6th century CE), India witnessed a cultural renaissance. The period is known for its advancements in science, mathematics, art, and literature. Some of the notable contributions of the Gupta period include:

Literature: The Gupta period saw the emergence of great literary works such as Kalidasa’s Abhijnana Shakuntalam, a play that is considered a masterpiece of Indian literature.
Mathematics: Gupta mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, including the development of the decimal system and the concept of zero.
Art: The Gupta period is known for its magnificent sculpture and architecture, with the Ajanta and Ellora caves being some of the most famous examples.

The Chola period (9th to 13th century CE) is considered one of the greatest periods of South Indian history, known for its achievements in architecture, art, and literature. Some of the notable contributions of the Chola period include:

Architecture: The Cholas were prolific builders, and their architecture is renowned for its intricate carvings and intricate design. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur is a famous example of Chola architecture.
Art: The Chola period witnessed the emergence of great works of art, including bronze statues and paintings. The bronze statue of Nataraja, a representation of Lord Shiva in his cosmic dance form, is a famous example of Chola art.
Literature: The Chola period saw the emergence of great works of literature, including the epic poem Silappadikaram and the Tamil grammar text Tolkappiyam.

Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (150 words) (भक्ति साहहत्य की प्कृ नत का मूलांकन करते हए भारतीय सं स्ृ नत में इसके योगदान ननधा्भरण कीजजए।) 2021

Emerged during the medieval period (6th to 15th century CE).
characterized by a focus on devotion and personal experience of the divine.
composed in various Indian languages, including Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali.
included poems, songs, and hymns that expressed the love and devotion of the devotee towards the divine.
contributed to Indian culture in several ways:
- helped to break down the barriers of caste and gender, as it was open to all who had faith and devotion.
- It promoted the idea of a personal relationship with the divine, which was accessible to all, regardless of their social or economic status.
- helped to popularize the use of vernacular languages in literature, which helped to make literature accessible to a wider audience.
- The literature also had a significant impact on Indian music, with many bhakti songs and hymns being set to music and sung as devotional songs.
Some notable examples of Bhakti literature include the songs of the Alvars and Nayanars in Tamil Nadu, the devotional poems of Kabir and Tulsidas in Hindi, and the songs of Chandidas and Jayadeva in Bengali.

The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (िैलकृ त स्ापत्य प्ारंशभक भारीतय कला एवं ऐतहास के ज्ान के अनत महत्वपूण्भ स्तोतो में से ंएक का प्नतननसधत्व करता है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020

The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, built between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE, contain some of the finest examples of Indian rock-cut architecture. The caves consist of temples and monasteries, adorned with exquisite paintings and sculptures that depict the life and teachings of the Buddha.
The Elephanta Caves in Mumbai, built in the 5th and 6th centuries CE, are another excellent example of Indian rock-cut architecture. The caves consist of temples dedicated to Lord Shiva, with intricately carved sculptures that depict scenes from Hindu mythology.
The Kailashnath Temple in Ellora, built in the 8th century CE, is a remarkable example of rock-cut architecture. The temple consists of a single rock, which was carved to create a massive temple complex dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, including a giant statue of Nandi, the bull that is the vehicle of Lord Shiva.

Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (भारत में बौधि धम्भ के इनतहास में पाल काल अनत महत्वपूण्भ चरण है। नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2020

The Pala rulers were great patrons of Buddhism and supported the construction of numerous monasteries and stupas across their empire.
The Pala period saw a revival of Buddhism in India after a period of decline. The Pala rulers actively promoted Buddhism and patronized Buddhist scholars and artists.
The Pala period witnessed the emergence of new schools of Buddhist philosophy, such as the Yogachara and the Madhyamaka, which had a profound impact on the development of Buddhism in India and beyond.
The Pala period saw the rise of great Buddhist scholars and philosophers, such as Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava, and Atisha, who made significant contributions to Buddhist thought and practice.
The Pala period also saw the creation of some of the finest examples of Buddhist art and architecture, such as the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya and the Somapura Mahavihara in Bangladesh.

Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (भारतीय दि्भन एवं परम्परा ने भारतीय स्ारको की क ं पिना और आकार देने एवं उनकी कला में महत्त्वपूण्भ भूगमका ननभाई है । नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020

The concept of “darshan,” or the act of seeing and being seen by the divine, is central to Indian philosophy and tradition. This concept is reflected in the design of many Indian temples, which are built in a way that allows devotees to have a direct visual connection with the deity.
The concept of “ahimsa,” or non-violence, is another important principle in Indian philosophy and tradition. This principle is reflected in the use of materials such as wood and stone in Indian architecture, which are considered to be non-violent and sustainable.
The concept of “moksha,” or liberation from the cycle of birth and death, is central to Indian philosophy and tradition. This concept is reflected in the design of many Indian monuments, such as the stupas and chaitya halls, which are built as places of worship and meditation for followers of Buddhism and Jainism.
The use of intricate carvings and sculptures on Indian monuments is another reflection of Indian philosophy and tradition. These carvings and sculptures often depict scenes from Hindu mythology, Buddhist and Jain iconography, and everyday life, reflecting the belief that art can be a means of communicating spiritual and philosophical ideas.

Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment. (मध्कालीन भारत के फारसी साहहत्त्यक स्तोत उस काल के युगबोध का प्नतनबब है। ं हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2020

The works of Amir Khusrau, a Persian poet who lived in India during the 13th century, provide a valuable insight into the cultural exchange between the Indian subcontinent and Persia during that time. Khusrau’s works often feature a blend of Indian and Persian themes and motifs, reflecting the cultural syncretism of the period.
The chronicles of Babur, a Timurid prince who founded the Mughal Empire in India, provide a record of the political and military events of the time, as well as insights into the social and cultural practices of the Mughal court.
The Persian works of Sufi poets such as Rumi and Hafiz, which were translated into Indian languages during the medieval period, had a profound influence on the development of literature and spirituality in the region. These works reflect the influence of Islamic culture and Sufi mysticism on Indian society during the medieval period.
The Persian works of historical and biographical literature, such as the Tarikh-i-Firishta and the Ain-i-Akbari, provide a detailed record of the political, social, and cultural conditions of India during the medieval period. These works offer insights into the administration, economy, and religious practices of the time.

Highlight the Central Asian and Greco -Bactrian elements in Gandhara art. (गांधाराई कला में मध् एशियाई एवं यूनानी-बैक्ट्याई त ट् त्वो को उजागर कीज ं जए।) 2019

flourished in the region of Gandhara in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan from the 1st century BCE to the 5th century CE, shows a synthesis of Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements. This can be seen in the following ways:

The iconography and stylistic features of Gandhara art show clear influences from Hellenistic art, including the use of realistic human figures and the depiction of clothing and drapery.
The use of specific iconographic elements, such as the representation of Buddha as a Greek-style god with wavy hair and a flowing robe, reflects the influence of Greco-Bactrian art on Gandhara art.
The use of certain architectural motifs, such as Corinthian columns and pediments, also reflects the influence of Hellenistic architecture on Gandhara architecture.
At the same time, the use of local materials such as schist, as well as the incorporation of Central Asian motifs such as lions and grapes, reflects the influence of Central Asian culture on Gandhara art.

Examples of Gandhara art that showcase these Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements include the standing Buddha statues at the Bamiyan caves, which show a blend of Hellenistic and Indian styles, and the reliefs at the Takht-i-Bahi monastery, which incorporate Corinthian columns and Greek motifs.

Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (भारतीय कला नवरासत का सं रक्णवत्भमान समय की आवश्यकता है । चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2018

Indian art heritage is an invaluable cultural and historical asset that reflects the richness and diversity of India’s past. It includes a wide range of art forms, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and crafts, that have been developed over several centuries.
Preservation of Indian art heritage is important to maintain continuity with the past and to understand the evolution of Indian culture and society. Art heritage provides a visual representation of the social, political, and religious beliefs of the people of different periods.
Indian art heritage is vulnerable to a variety of threats, including neglect, natural disasters, and theft. Many ancient monuments, sculptures, and artifacts have been damaged or destroyed due to lack of maintenance and inadequate preservation measures.
Safeguarding Indian art heritage requires a concerted effort from the government, civil society, and the general public. This includes measures such as setting up museums and galleries to showcase and preserve art, implementing strict laws to prevent theft and trafficking of cultural property, and investing in research and conservation efforts.

Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India. (भारत के इनतहास की पुनर्भचना में चीनी और अरबी यागत्रयो के वृत् ं ान्ो के महत्त्व का आकलन कीज ं जए।) 2018

These travellers visited India during different periods and recorded their observations of Indian society, economy, religion, culture, and politics. Their accounts provide valuable insights into the conditions of their time and help us understand the changes that occurred over time.
The Chinese travellers, such as Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I Tsing, Zheng He (d.1433 in Calicut), documented their journeys to India and wrote about the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the regions they visited. Their accounts provide important information on the state of Buddhism, trade and commerce, and political relations between China and India.
Similarly, the Arab travellers, such as Al-Biruni, Suleiman and Ibn Battuta, wrote about their experiences in India and provided detailed descriptions of the political, cultural, and economic conditions of the regions they visited. They also recorded the impact of Islam on Indian society and the interaction between the Muslim world and India.
The accounts of these travellers also help to fill gaps in Indian historiography, particularly in areas where indigenous sources are scarce or non-existent. They provide alternative perspectives on events and developments, as well as a comparative framework for understanding the history of India.

The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss. (रिी चैतन् महाप्भु के आगमन से भक्ति आंदोलन को एक असाधारण नई हदिा गमली थिी। चचा्भ करें।) 2018

! Anomaly since Religion not explicitly mentioned in Syllabus.

Some ways in which Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu re-oriented the Bhakti movement are:

Emphasis on devotion to Krishna: Sri Chaitanya emphasized the worship and devotion to Lord Krishna as the supreme deity, which was a departure from earlier Bhakti traditions that worshipped various gods and goddesses. This focus on Krishna bhakti became a hallmark of the Bhakti movement in the centuries that followed.
Promotion of kirtan: Sri Chaitanya was known for his love of kirtan, which is a devotional practice that involves singing and chanting the names of God. He popularized this practice as a means of connecting with the divine and spreading the message of Bhakti to the masses.
Universalism: Sri Chaitanya’s teachings emphasized the universality of the Bhakti path, which meant that it was open to people of all castes and creeds. This was a radical departure from the rigid social hierarchy of the time and helped to democratize the Bhakti movement.
Syncretism: Sri Chaitanya’s teachings were a synthesis of various Bhakti traditions and also incorporated elements of Vaishnavism and other Hindu sects. This syncretic approach helped to bring together different strands of the Bhakti movement and create a more cohesive and unified movement.

How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times? (आप इस नवचार को, हक गुप्तकालीन ससक्ािास्तीय कला की उत्ृ टिता का स्तर बाद के समय में ननतांत दि्भनीय नही है, ं हकस प्कार सही ससधि करेंगे ?) 2017

reasons why the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not noticeable in later times are:

Decline of the Gupta Empire: The Gupta Empire declined after the 6th century AD, and this decline was accompanied by a gradual deterioration in the quality of numismatic art produced by subsequent rulers. The later coins lacked the finesse and detail of the earlier Gupta coins.
Foreign invasions: India was invaded by several foreign powers in the centuries following the Gupta period, and this had a profound impact on the country’s art and culture. The foreign rulers often introduced their own artistic styles and techniques, which displaced traditional Indian styles, including Gupta numismatic art.
Economic factors: The quality of numismatic art produced by a civilization is often closely linked to its economic prosperity. The Gupta Empire was known for its economic prosperity, which allowed it to invest in high-quality art and craftsmanship. In later times, India faced numerous economic challenges, which may have contributed to a decline in the quality of numismatic art.
Changing artistic tastes: Artistic styles and tastes change over time, and what may have been considered excellent art in one period may not be so in another. As Indian society and culture evolved in the centuries following the Gupta period, so too did artistic styles and preferences, which may have contributed to a decline in the quality of numismatic art.

Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate. (प्ारस्भिक बौधि स्तूप-कला, लोक वर्-्भ नवषयो एवं क ं थिानको को च ं चगत्रत करते हए बौधि आदिमों की सफलतापूव्भक व्याख्ा करती है। नविदीकरण कीजजए।) 2016

Depictions of Jataka Tales: Many early Buddhist stupas and sculptures depicted scenes from the Jataka Tales, which are stories about the previous lives of the Buddha. These tales often featured folk motifs and narratives, but also taught important Buddhist lessons about compassion, morality, and enlightenment.
Symbolism: Early Buddhist art made use of a variety of symbols to convey important Buddhist concepts. For example, the Wheel of Life, or Bhavacakra, was a common symbol used to represent the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Buddhism.
Mudras: Mudras, or hand gestures, were another important feature of early Buddhist art. These gestures were used to convey important Buddhist concepts and ideals, such as compassion, wisdom, and protection.
Architecture: The design of early Buddhist stupas was also significant, as it often incorporated Buddhist ideals and concepts. For example, the shape of the stupa itself was said to represent the Buddha’s body, while the various levels of the stupa symbolized different stages of spiritual attainment.

Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (नवजयनगर नरेि कृ ष्णदेव राय न के वल स्यं एक कु िल नवद्ान थिे अनपतु नवद्या एवं साहहत्य के महान सं रक्क भी थिे। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2016

The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment. (“भारत की प्ाचीन सभ्यता, गमस्, मीसोपोिगमया और ग्रीस की सभ्यताओ से, इस बात से ं शभन्न है हक भारतीय उपमहाद्ीप की परंपराएं आज तक भं ग हए नबना परररशक्त की गई हैं।” हिप्पणी कीजजये।) 2015

One of the significant reasons for this preservation of culture is the continuous evolution and adaptation of the Indian society to new changes while keeping its roots intact. For instance, the practice of yoga, Ayurveda, music, dance, and other cultural traditions is still prevalent today. The Hindu religion, which is one of the oldest surviving religions in the world, also has its roots in the ancient Indian civilization.

Moreover, the Indian culture and traditions were sustained through the ages due to the strong influence of religion and spirituality. The emphasis on the preservation of ancient texts and the tradition of oral transmission helped in safeguarding the culture from getting lost in the chaos of time. Examples of such texts include the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, which are still revered and followed today.

Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but alsoa tine aesthetic sense comparable to modem painting. Critically evaluate this comment. (“भारत की मध्पाषाण शिला-कला न के वल उस काल के सांस्ृ नतक जीवन की, बल्कि आधुननक चचत्रकला से तुलनीय पररष्कृ त सौदं य्भ-बोध को भी, प्नतनबनब ं तकरती है।” इस हिप्पणी का समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजये।) 2015

Mesolithic rock art in India is indeed a rich source of information about the cultural life of the times, including hunting, gathering, and early agriculture. These paintings and engravings on rocks depict animals, humans, and various objects, providing insights into the lifestyle and beliefs of the people of that era. Moreover, the artists of that time also exhibited a fine aesthetic sense in their depictions, which can be compared to modern painting in terms of their creativity, artistic expression, and use of color and form.

Examples of Mesolithic rock art in India include the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh, which have over 700 rock art sites dating back to 10,000 BCE to 2000 BCE. The paintings and engravings in Bhimbetka depict scenes from daily life, including hunting, dancing, and childbirth, as well as abstract symbols and designs.

Another example is the rock art in the Kaimur district of Bihar, which has paintings of animals like tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses, as well as depictions of human figures in hunting scenes.

To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss. ( ससधु घा ं िी सभ्यता की नगरीय आयोजना और सं स्ृ नत ने हकस सीमा तक वत्भमान युगीन नगरीकरण को ननवेि (इनपुि) प्दान हकए हैं? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014

Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain. (गांधार मूर्तकला रोमननवाससयों की उतनी ही ऋणी थिी जजतनी हक वह यूनाननयो की ं थिी। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2014

Some of the features of Roman art that can be seen in Gandhara sculpture include the use of drapery to create a realistic effect, the representation of the human body in a naturalistic way, and the use of perspective in the composition of the artwork. These features can be seen in the Hellenistic and Roman sculptures, which were present in the region and served as models for the Gandharan artists.

For example, the Gandhara Buddha images have a distinctly Roman style, with the use of drapery to create a realistic effect and the depiction of the Buddha’s body in a naturalistic way. The drapery in the Gandhara Buddha images is similar to the drapery in the Roman sculptures of the same period. Similarly, the facial features of the figures in the Gandhara sculptures have a Roman influence, with the depiction of prominent noses and deep-set eyes.

In addition, some of the motifs and symbols used in Gandhara art, such as the wreath and the laurel, were also borrowed from the Roman tradition. This can be seen in the sculptures of the Buddha, where he is often depicted wearing a wreath or a crown of leaves, which is a Roman motif.

Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss. (तक्शिला नवश्नवद्यालय नवश् के प्ाचीनतम नवश्नवद्यालयो में से एक ं थिा जजसके साथि नवशभन्न शिक्ण-नवषयो के अनेक ं नवख्ात नवद्ानी व्यक्तित्व सं बं सधत थिे। उसकी रणनीनतक अवस्स्नत के कारण उसकी कीर्त फै ली, लेहकन नालन्ा के नवपरीत, उसे आधुननक अशभप्ाय में नवश्नवद्यालय नही समझा जाता। च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2014

Taxila was not a university in the modern sense because it did not have a centralized administration, a fixed curriculum, or an organized system of accreditation. However, it was a center of advanced learning where students from different parts of the world came to study under the guidance of famous teachers.

The fame of Taxila was mainly due to its strategic location at the crossroads of the ancient trade routes of the Indian subcontinent, which brought in scholars and students from different parts of the world. The scholars and students who came to Taxila were from diverse backgrounds and cultures, which contributed to the intellectual and cultural vibrancy of the city.

In contrast, Nalanda, another ancient Indian center of learning, was more like a modern university with a centralized administration, a fixed curriculum, and a system of accreditation. Nalanda had separate departments for different disciplines, and its teachers were highly respected authorities in their respective fields.

Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu / Muslim societies to any appreciable extent. Comment. (सूफी और मध्कालीन रहस्वादी ससधि पुरूष हहन्/मुसलमान समाजो ु के धार् ं मक नवचारो, और री ं नतयो को या उनकी बाह्य सं रचना को प ं या्भप्त सीमा तक रूपांतररत करने में नवफल रहे। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2014

Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment. (दशक्ण भारत के राजनैनतक इनतहास की दृनटि से असधक उपयोगी न होते हए भी सं गम साहहत्य उस समय की सामाजजक व आर्थिक स्स्नत का अत्यंत प्भावी िैली में वण्भन करता है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2013

Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions. (आरस्भिक भारतीय शिलालेखो में ंअंहकत ‘ताण्डव’ नृत्य की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

The Tandava dance is associated with Lord Shiva, who is believed to have performed it in various mythological stories.
The earliest references to the Tandava dance can be found in the Rigveda, which is an ancient Indian text.
The Tandava dance is mentioned in early Indian inscriptions such as the Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela, who lived in the 2nd century BCE.
The Tandava dance is described as a powerful and energetic dance form that involves vigorous movements of the arms, legs, and body.
The Tandava dance is said to have both masculine and feminine aspects, with the masculine aspect being more vigorous and energetic.
The Tandava dance is often performed in temples as a part of religious rituals and is also a popular form of classical Indian dance.

Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss. (मत्न्र वास्तुकला के नवकास में चोल वास्तुकला का उच्च स्ान है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

Use of Dravidian style: Chola temples were built in the Dravidian style, which is characterized by pyramid-shaped towers called gopurams, intricate carvings, and elaborate entranceways. The use of this style allowed for the construction of massive temple complexes that served as centers of religious and cultural activity.
Innovative construction techniques: Chola architects were known for their innovative construction techniques, which allowed them to build large and complex structures that could withstand the test of time. One of the most notable techniques was the use of granite blocks, which were cut to precise measurements and fitted together without the use of mortar.
Attention to detail: Chola architects paid close attention to every aspect of temple design, from the layout of the complex to the intricate carvings that adorned the walls and pillars. This attention to detail is evident in the intricate sculptures and carvings found at temples such as the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur.
Religious significance: Chola temples were not just architectural marvels, but also important religious centers that played a significant role in the lives of the people. The temples were designed to facilitate religious practices and rituals, and many were built on sacred sites that had been revered for centuries.