Provincial Architecture

Provincial Architecture

2020-04-27 12:28 :14

---

Architecture in Kashmir

Temples in Kashmir

• reached great heights under Karakota dynasty andUtpala dynasty.
• Trefoil arches (Gandhara influence)
• Cellular layout and Enclosed courtyard
• Straight-edged Pyramidal roof
• Column walls (Greek influence)
• Triangular pediments (Greek influence)
• Relatively more number of steps.

Martand Sun Temple

• Made by Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karakota dynasty
• Confluence of Gandhara, Chinese and Gupta influences.
• complex is in the form of a courtyard has carvings of Vishnu, Ganga and Yamun, Sun God.

![[Pasted image 20220909100225.png]]

Avantisvamin → Lord Vishnu and Avantisvara → to Lord Shiva -

• Made by Awantivarman of the Utpala dynasty in 9th century AD.
• In form of a courtyand having 4 shrines in 4 corners
• Roman and Gandhara influence is seen.

![[Pasted image 20220909100326.png]]

Pandrethan Temple

• aka Meru Vardha Swami dedicated to Vishnu. Siva images also seen
• Carved out of a single block of stone
• made in 10th century is marked by a domed roof and arches

![[Pasted image 20220909100428.png]]

Mamleshwara Shiva Temple

• Located in Pahalgam built around 400 AD.
• mentioned in Rajatarangini

![[Pasted image 20220909100513.png]]

Islamic Developments

• Jamia Masjid - made in 14th century. Does not have a dome is made of Kashmiri architecture

![[Pasted image 20220909100641.png |500]]

• Aali Masjid : 15th century Shahmiri king Sultan Hassan Shah. Dome is absent has a pyramidal top with arch shaped windows.
• Pari Mahal : made by Dara Shikoh in 17th century, has an observatory.

![[Pasted image 20220909100707.png]]

Gardens in Kashmir All Were Built in Charbagh Style

• Chasm e shahi built around a fresh spring in Persian style
• Shalimar Bagh was made by Jahangir in 1619 AD
• Nishat Bagh, 2nd largest garden located near Dal lake
• Verinag, Kokernag and Achabal Garden in Anantnag

Bengal School

• characterise by use of bricks and black marble
• continued the use of sloping ‘Bangla roofs’
• Ex Qadam Rasul mosque in Gaur, Adina mosque
• Their capitals Gaur and Pandua had magnificent building but only few survived. Adina Mosque being the largest surviving building.
• ! Stones used were mostly pillaged from temples and other buildings.
• ~ Use of broad sloping arches called Bangla roof, special pillars and curvilinear roofs are special feature.
• It is also seen in the Dakhil Darwaza.
• mostly brick and mortar was used stone rarely.
• Lotus, swan etc were used as decorative motifs showed influence of Hindu tradition.

![[Pasted image 20220909100842.png]]

![[Pasted image 20220909100926.png]]

![[Pasted image 20220909101102.png]]

Malwa School Aka Pathan School

• cities of Dhar and Mandu in Malwa plateau became prominent seats.
• & Most imp feature was use of different coloured stones and marbles
• & Large windows were a result of European influence were decorated with arches and pillars
• Stairs were used but use of minars is absent
• Artificial reservoirs known as ‘baulis’ were constructed in the premises.
• Local materials and use to batter method are some other features
• Ex Raani Roopmati pavilion, Jahaz Mahal, Ashrafi Mahal
• Mandu Architecture was massive unlike Gujarat and used very lofty plinth for buildings.
• Jama Masji and Hindola mahal are other best known buildings.

![[Pasted image 20220909101541.png |Rani Roopmati Pavillion]]

![[Pasted image 20220909101205.png |Jahaz Maha]]

![[Pasted image 20220909101328.png |Jama Masjid]]

![[Pasted image 20220909101245.png |Hindola Mahal]]

Jaunpur School

• Patronised by the Sharqi rulers aka Sharqi school
• avoided the use of minars
• buildings have bold and forceful characters painter on huge screens
• Ex Atala Mosque, Jaunpur
• Malik Sarwar was one of the greatest patrons.
• ! Jaunpur came to be known as Shiraz of the East.
• Malik Muhammad Jaisi lived here.

![[Pasted image 20220909101408.png |Atala Mahal]]

Bijapur School Aka Deccan Style:

• Under the patronage of Adil Shah
• 3 arched facade and bulbous dome were used to construct mosques, tombs, palaces
• Introduced the use of cornices
• ceilings were without support
• Iron clamps and palster of mortar were used to give strength
• Ex Gol Gumbaj

![[Pasted image 20220909101449.png]]