Governance, Transparency, E-Governance

2019-05-01 18:12 :50

Grievance Redressal Mechanism

RBI extended coverage of Ombudsman #Scheme for NBFCs 2018 to eligible Non Deposit Taking NBFCs (NBFC-NDs) having asset size 100 crore.
- Other NBFCs like Infra Finance Companies, Core Investment Company etc have been excluded.
SAROD-Ports : dispute redressal mechanism in maritime sector #scheme
Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System CPGRAMS : receive redress and monitor grievance by DARPG dev by National Informatics Centre #scheme
Complaint Management System (CMS) by RBI software for grievance redressal against any regulated entity done to sustain confidence, prompt effective redressal, maintain trust in banking system. #scheme
Dispute Redressal #Committee for solar wind sector 3 member committee eminent person. Mandate: appeal against decision SECI extension to time, all request extension time not in contract, developer not satisfied decision SECI/NTPC. Will settle disputes b/w solar wind developers that are beyond the purview of SECI/NTPC contractual agreement. Fillip smooth implementatn of projects, settle unforseen disputes.
New Delhi International Arbitration Centre(NDIAC) #act : quality expertise cost incurred decrease + IN hub int arbitration. Feature :
- transfer undertakings Int Centre Alternative Dispute Redressal(ICADR) to NDIAC.
- 2 full time/part time mem appointed Gov consul CJI, mem Supreme/High/Eminent judge/person
- 1 rep eminent person commerce and industry

RTI

RTI amendment #Act 2019 :
- disclosure by gov institutions on functions, expenditure, structure
- 3 tier system once RTI is raised 1st goes to Central/State Public Information Officer -> Appellate Authority -> Information Commission
- tenure, salary, pension etc of Chief Infor Commissioner + other Info Coms will come under Centre

Corporate Governance

Amendment of Companies #Act 2013 : ensure accountability, enforceability and strengthen corporate governance. ^cf5807
- ==transfer unused CSR funds to separate account==, reduces burden on special courts.
- Registrar of Coys can remove coy name, transfer some functions from NCLT to Central Gov.
- strict action against shell coy.

Other Facts

Annual Performance Appraisal #report will be given in SPARROW (Smart Performance Appraisal Report Recording Online Window) for CBIT and Customs. Will digitise reports decrease paper use, enhance efficiency.
ESI proposes central welfare database for citizens : merge different data maintained by diff ministries include birth, death, marriage, tax, census, NSSO records etc
PRAGATI (Pro Active governance and timely implementation) #scheme
Government E Marketplace (GeM) : platform for online procurement of goods by various gov departments/orgs/PSUs, mandatory to have Country of origin, indicate % of local content under Mo Commerce and Industry #scheme
22nd National Conference on e-Governance adopts ‘Shillong Declaration’ with focus on policy implementation, bridge improve the citizens’ experience, promote India Enterprise Architecture (IndEA)
MoHRD launched National Digital Library of India under developed by IIT Kgp #scheme
Build for Digital India program under MeitY and Google develop tech based solution to social problems #scheme
Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) 2020 under MoHRD #scheme
118 Community Radio Station(CRS) to be set up disseminate agriculture related info, gov schemes, weather forecasts etc #scheme
Public Finance Mgt System (PFMS) : track funds provided to the implementing agencies and states gov for various schemes under Mo Finance. #scheme
National e-Assessment Scheme (NeAC) : eliminates physical interface between an assessing officer and an assesse. It was renamed as National Faceless Assessment Scheme. #scheme
TechSagar repository of IN cyber tech capabilities info about research, academia, industry by Data Security Council of India. #scheme
Indian Justice #Report by TATA, ranking of states basis of justice delivery. MAH KER TN. Issues : vacancy in police and judiciary, women under represented, prisons over occupied.
Separate Harmonised System HS code to Khadi is a 6 digit ID code dev by WCO to monitor and control the export and import #scheme
SC rules CJI is a public authority and under RTI also said that RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance.
Independent Directors Databank by Mo Corporate Affairs : e-learning courses on various topics. Companies Act 2013 mandated all listed public coys to have 1/3rd of total directors to be independent. #scheme
Section 144 CrPC power to magistrates on behalf of sate gov can ==prohibit certain act==; basis of orders would be reasonableness and proportionality. Max of 6 months with State gov authorisation.
Good governance index GGI launched on Good Gov day 25th Dec by Mo Personnel to assess status of gov and impact of steps taken by the state.
- List prepared by DARPG Dept of Administrative reforms and public grievance.
- Findings : top performers TN, MH, KTK, AP worst was JH. #report
NetSCoFAN : network of 8 research & academic institutions working in the area of food & nutrition to identify research gaps and have inventory of all research work #scheme
Top Risks 2020 #report ranks world’s top geopolitical risks of 2020 India is ranked 5th highest at risk by Eurasia Group.
Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD) mobile app implemented by National Informatics Centre supported by WB will be launched in 6 states with most fatalities. #scheme
Corruption Perception Index by Transparency International. India has a score of 41 and is ranked 80th. Topped by NZ and DEN #report
Bhuvan Panchayat V 3.0 web portal for better planning and monitoring of gov project is part of ISROs Space-based Information Support for Decentralised Planning Update project. Other geospatial portals are VEDAS and MOSDAC. #scheme
Census app launched, 2021 census will be digital census, Janganana Bhawan was laid down it will be conducted in 16 languages.
Emergency Response Support System (ERSSDial 112) computer aided ==dispatch of field resources to location of distress==. Step towards building SMART police force, funding under the Nirbhaya Fund.
Justice Roy #committee 2018 for Prison Reform. Recom 1 free phone call a day to talk to family, modern cooking facilities, speedy trials, 1 lawyer/ 30 prisoners, fast track courts for petty offences.
SPICe+ web form by Mo Corporate Affairs for incorporation of companies to improve EoDB. #scheme
Freedom in the World 2020 #report by Freedom House. India ranked 83rd among bottom 5 democracies
Invest India under DPIIT to promote investment, empower investors #scheme
National Teleconsultation Centre CoNTeC : consultation from expert doctors by AIIMS by Mo HFW #scheme
iGOT Integrated Government Online Training for doctors, nurses, paramedics other health care workers #scheme
World Press Freedom Index 2020 by Reporters without Borders India ranked 142 from 180. NOR 1st #report ^5c568c
Bharatmarket -> by retailers, integrate capabilities of various tech companies #scheme
Stringency Index by Oxford university -> at what stage countries introduced strict measures. #report
Umang : Unified app for new age Governance by MeiTY #scheme
TULIP : Urban Learning Internship Program by MoHUA and AICTE #scheme
SWADES : Skill Mapping Exercise for Returning Citizens part of Vande Bharat -> creates a database of qualified citizens, Info will be shared with companies by Mo SDE #scheme
Transparent Taxation : Honoring the honest -> simplify tax sys by ==faceless assessment, faceless appeal and taxpayers charter==. 1.5 crore tax payers, other reforms are Vivaad se vishwas, limit for appeal in HC at 1cr 2 cr in SC, slabs rationalised #scheme
Index Monitoring Cell : set up by Mo Information and Broadcasting to improve IN ranking in World Press Freedom Index, will bring mechanism to rank states on Press freedom #body

Static - Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency, Accountability

2020-10-21 17:12:16

Exercise of power to manage PESTLE aspects
3 stakeholders are State, Market, society
Good governance is +ve aspect per UNDP 8 core aspects of it are - Participation, Consensus, Transparent, Accountable, Responsive, Effective/ Efficient, Equitable/ Inclusive, Follows RoL
- How to achieve - investment, social safety nets, strengthen state institutions, reforms, imp civil services capacity, new alliance w/ civil society
- P - Exercise of Franchise, Political parties, Functioning of Legislature, Political decentralisation; E - Fiscal, Business env, Primary sector support; S - role of civil society T - L - E - Env mgt are its dimensions
- Issues in IN - Criminalisation of Politics, misuse political power, practicality of decentralisation etc
- Initiatives - 73 74 CAA, Fin Mgt, Citizens Charter, Sevottam model, Redress Citizens Grievance, E Gov, use ICT, RTI, Social Audits
- Min Govt Max Governance - simplify procedure ex Digital India, EoDB

2nd ARC 6th Report - Local Governance Recommendations

2020-06-09 19:08:37

Article 243 G and 243 W should be amended to give the local governance of rural and urban areas to enable them to function as institutions of self-government wrt to matters listed in the 11th schedule - in accordance with the Principle of Subsidiarity
Election of State Election Commission on the recommendation of a collegium consisting of CM, Opposition leader and the speaker
Professional and skill buildings of individuals associated with these bodies especially women
Outsource specific functions to public or private agencies also monitor them
Constitute a District Council in all districts with representation from rural and urban areas
Audit committees may be constituted for auditing financial information, adequacy of internal controls, compliance with applicable law and ethical conduct.
Local Ombudsman should be created to look into complaints of corruption and maladministration
Information and Communication Technology should be utilised by local governments to simplify process, enhance transparency and accountability.
Space Technology should be harness to create information base and for providing services
Panchayat should have power to recruit personnel and to regulate their service conditions
Parastatals should not be allowed to undermine authority of PRIs. District Rural Development Agency should be merged with District Panchayats
Take steps to broaden revenue base, states may reward better performing PRIs through special grants, similar innovative schemes should be made
Except for specific major Centrally Sponsored Schemes and special purpose programs all other allocation to the PRIs should be made in the form of united funds
Panchayats should be urged to borrow from Banks/financial institutions
Funds for all public development schemes in rural areas should be routed through Panchayats. Local Area Development Authorities, Regional Development Boards and other organisations having similar function should be immediately wound up and their function given to panchayats
Mayor/Chairperson should be directly elected by popular mandate through city wide election, he should have executive function, be able to appoint his cabinet
Municipal bodies should have periodically updated database of its properties, database should be in public domain, Land banks of municipalities should be used to generate resources to finance infrastructure and capital expenditure
Water Supply - Urban local bodies should be given responsibility of water supply, meter all water connection, use IT for payment of supply.
Advance action for laying down adequate sanitation and hygiene infrastructure should be taken to avoid insufficiency of services
Cities and Towns with population of more than 1 lakh PPP method be used to collect garbage
Urban Transport Authorities to be set up in cities with population more than 1 million within 1 year
Legislation to regulate Real estate sector
PPP projects for redevelopment of inner city areas need to be encourage, through regulation.
Redevelop 25-30 cities with international level amenities and services as modern megacities of future
Mission mode project should be undertaken to alleviate urban poverty with thrust on upgradation of skills and training
Total redevelopment of slum areas

2nd ARC 1st Report - RTI

2020-06-27 19:15:20

Recommendations on Official Secrets Act
- Repeal it and substitute a chapter in the National Security Act
- Shourie committee recommended making penal provisions only for violation affecting national security
Oath of transparency along w/ oath of secrecy
Safeguard against disclosure of info against national information provided through written undertaking
Armed forces should be exempted, but periodically reviewed, all exempted orgs should appoint Public Information Officers
Reform Central Civil Services Conduct Rules so that dissemination of info becomes the rule
Selection committee for appt of CIC and SIC should have CJI and CJ of HC
All ministries w/ 1 PIOs should have assistant PIOs, PIOs in Central secretariat should be of sufficiently higher rank
Suo-moto disclosures should be possible, Public Records Offices should be established as independent body
Land Records Modernisation Fund be created to update all land records
All Govt functionaries be given at least 1 day training on RTI
CIC and SICs may issue guidelines for benefit of public authorities etc about key concepts of Act
On Monitoring
- CIC, SIC to monitor effective implementation of RTI
- Nodal officer be identified to monitor implementation
- Public authority should be responsible for its compliance
- National Coordination Comm under CIC to serve as platform for effective implementation, disseminate best practices, monitor creation of national portal, review rules exec orders, carry out impact evaluation, perform other relevant functions
On issue of Implementation
- Payment could also be from postal orders
- States frame rule regarding application rules, issue stamps as mode of payment,
- Fees also in cash at post offices - function as PIOs
DoPT is nodal dept for implementation of RTI have list of all public authorities
Single window agency at all district levels, create cell in each located in office of DC
Definition of Public Authorities should extend to Panchayats, Village Patwaris
NGOs that perform functions of PA should be brought under , substantial funding of 1 cr by gov be also under RTI
To reduce the record taking period concurrence of PRO would be needed
States should set up independent public grievance redressal authorities
System of indexing and cataloguing of records of legislatures, tracking mechanism so that reports is available to legislatures and public, working of legislative comm be open to public
System of storing in scientific way, adm processess in district and subordinate courts should be computerised
Bring annual confidential reports under RTI
Information can be denied if processing request would require diverting inordinate amount of resources
Performance of report
- Gov officials not punished, deny legitimate info, huge pending cases

2nd ARC - Unlocking Human Capital

2020-11-06 13:05:01

To increase reach

Awareness generation prgm to be undertaken by State gov, publicity and guidance be available in local lang, measure effectiveness through independent sample survey
Use of AIR, Doordarshan in local language
Independent monitors in areas where vulnerable section in not adequate to ensure weaker section participate
Special norms for schemes for difficult areas
Households should mean nuclear family
Job Cards to physically challenged Ensure Convergence
Baseline performance indicators for imp services like health, education
Rural dev programs be managed at local levels, only one program for an area Fin Management Sys
Funds from GOI be transferred directly to districts, max funds be fixed for panchayats, district should release funds
District should in turn release funds to prescribed target levels, fund release based on utilisation certificates, uniform fin information flow system Role of Banks
Use post office network also used for flow of funds, simplify its procedure
Opening Zero balance accounts for individual/ institutions

Panchayats should get to manage dev schemes locally, District Rural Dev Agencies be subsumed in District Panchayat
Relaxed qualification for local candidates, NGOs w/ proven records used to supplement staff deficit
State Gov to provide complementary staff when P is understaffed; incentives for officials working in difficult areas and be linked to their performance
Non Govt engineers be employed, Educated youth be identified and trained, limit of adm expenses be raised
Selection of shelves of work at Gram P be in harmony w/ District Dev plan
Block should ensure work of P does not interfere w/ other; consensus in inter Gram P works
Block Resource centre be set up to augment technical resources of P
Entrepreneurship Institutes for the Rural Poor for imparting skills
Independent monitoring, auditing agencies, reports should be validated by these agencies
Impact of programs be assessed through independent evaluation, NGO should be tasked to create awareness
All documents be prepared in local language
All Block level info be digital
Data from blocks be aggregated in central repositories, Union Gov should maintain its own data centre
Direct transfer of money from origin of funds to implementers account, login based system to facilitate replenishment of funds
SMART cards should store info about ID of person
Viable business models needs be developed in long run for private sector to participate

E-governance - Applications, Models, Successes, Limitations, Potential

2020-10-22 07:21:52

World Bank : use of IT by govt agencies

Better governance delivery, better interaction w/ business and industry, citizen empowerment, efficient govt mgt, less corruption, inc transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, cost reduction, expanded reach
Models
- G2C Govt to Citizen - ex payment of online bills, online registration, online filing of complaints
  - Bhoomi project Ktaka, Gyandoot MP, Lokvani UP, FRIENDS Kerala
- G2G - Document exchange, finance and budget works
  - Khajane project - computerisation of treasury
- G2B - collection of tax, patent approvals, payment of bills etc
  - SWIFT by CBEC
- G2Employees - data submission, filing complaint, sharing rules and regulation and info for employees
Other Initiatives - National e-Governance Action Plan NeGP now under Digital India, E Kranti
Limitation-
- Env and S - Non local language like English, Low IT literacy, lack of user friendliness, Digital Divide, Resistance to Change
- Economic - Cost, transferability of application across platform, maintenance of e-devices
- T - interoperability, multi-modal interaction, Privacy and security, connectivity in backward areas, local language, lack of HR
Recom of 2nd ARC
- Building Congenial Platform - creating, displaying a will to change within govt, provide political support, incentivising e Governance, creating awareness in public
- Redesign forms, processes, structures to make them adaptable
- Capacity building and creating awareness
- Dev technological solutions
- Monitoring evaluating e gov projects
- PPP
- Protect Critical information infra assets
- Common support infra - State Data Centres
- Mission mode projects on Computerisation of Land records
- Legal framework for e gov
- Knowledge mgt

Mission E-Kranti :

Ensure govt wide transformation by delivering all govt services electronically.
Key components of program management strucutre are
- Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs CCEA for programme level policy decisions.
- Monitoring Comm on Digital India under Chairmanship of PM.
- Digital india Advisory Group headed by Mo Communications and IT to provide inputs to Monitoring comm on Digital India and E-Kranti.

2nd ARC 11th Report E-Governance

2020-11-07 18:45:03

By providing political support at highest level, incentivising e-Gov overcoming resistance to change, create awareness
Step by step analysis of each process to ensure its rationality and simplicity - analysing viewpoints of all stakeholders, maintain citizen centricity of exercise
Capacity building, skill upgradation of individuals, organisation of roadmap, network of training institutions
Develop national e-Governance enterprise architecture
Periodic independent evaluation citizen centric, time bound plans to provide info on their websites
Updating websites at regular intervals, complex projects be planned implemented like any major project having several parts
PPP should be preferred in all projects, private partners be selected through transparent process

For protecting Critical Information Infra

Common Support Infra - be maintained by agencies like NIC
Mission Mode Project - state gov to provide clear mandate for governance reforms
Mission Mode Project on Computerisation of Land record - utilise modern tech, arrive at correct picture of land holdings

Citizens Charters, Transparency, Accountability and Institutional and other Measures

2020-10-22 07:22:21

https://darpg.gov.in/citizens-charters-historical-background

Citizens Charter - gives commitment of public body towards people
6 principles are - Quality, Choice, Standards, Value, Accountability, Transparency (VACS TQ)
Adv - transparent/ accountable, imp service delivery, more responsive, public participation
Issues w/ CC in IN - no legal backing, poor design/content, lack of consultation, no groundwork, lack public awareness, Resistance to change, Lack of review, need of senior citizen,
Recom of 2nd ARC
- One size does not fit all
- CC for each independent unit or org
- Wider consultation w/ civil society
- Firm commitments, internal process and structure be reformed, redress mechanism, periodic evaluation, user feedback related bench mark, hold officers accountable
Sevottam Model - 3 inter related modules of CC, Delivery Capacity, Public Grievance
- Define, Set, Develop, Perform, Monitor, Evaluate, Continuous
- Adv - better quality mgt, better implementation, guides them through systematic initiatives,
Social Audit - details of resources used by public agency shared w/ people through public platform, social accountability
- Multi Perspective, Comprehensive, Participatory, Multi directional, Regular, Comparative, Verified, Disclosed
- Enhances reputation, Alerts policymakers, affects positive organisational change, Inc accountability, Assists in re focusing priorities, inc confidence in social areas,
- Limitation - localised scope, ad hoc nature, informal, diff audits for diff programs, cannot be generalised for whole pop, lack of trained auditors, lack of action on reports
- Way Ahead - invest in education and awareness, build institutional capacity, support NGOs, media should be development focusedqq

PYQ - Governance, Tranparency, E-Governance

2020-10-30 16:34:34

E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain.	2018
Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but. it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter.	2018
Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people.	2017
“Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are inter-dependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in context of India.	2016
In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India.	2016
In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability.	2015
“If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate.	2015
Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze.	2013
‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.	2013

Answers and Analysis

Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (क्ा ग्रामीण क्ेत्रो में ं नविेष रूप से, हडजजिल ननरक्रता ने सुचना एवं सं चार प्ौद्योगगकी (आइ. सी. िी.) की अपि-उपलधिता के साथि गमलकर सामाजजक-आर्थिक नवकास में बाधा उत्न्न हकया है ? औचचत्य सहहत पररक्ण कीजजए) 2021

“Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. (“सुचना का असधकार असधननयम में हकये गए हाललया सं िोधन सुचना आयोग की स्ायतता और स्तंत्रता पर गंभीर प्भाव डालेंगे” । नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020

“The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (“चौथिी औद्योगगक रिांनत (हडजजिल रिांनत) के प्ादभा्भ ु व ने ई-गवन्भन्स को सरकार का अनवभाज्य अंग बनाने में पहल की है” । नववेचन कीजजए।) 2020

Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects / Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (सुचना और सं प्षण प् े ौद्योगगकी (आई.सी.िी.) आधाररत पररयोजनाओ / ं काय्भरिमो का का ं या्भन्वयन आम तौर पर नविेष महत्वपूण्भ कारको की दृ ं टिी से ठीक नही रहता है । इन कारको ं की पहचान कीज ं जए और उनके प्भावी काया्भन्वयन के उपाय सुझाइए।) 2019

E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. (ई-िासन के वल नवीन प्ौद्योगगकी की िक्ति के उपयोग के बारे में नही है, अ ं नपतु इससे असधक सूचना के उपयोग मुल के रिांनतक महत्व के बारे में है। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018

Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but. it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter. (नागररक चाि्भर सं गठनात्मक पारदर्िता एवं उत्रदाययत्व का एक आदि्भ उपकरण है, परन्ु इसकी अपनी पररसीमाएँ हैं। पररसीमाओ की पहचान कीज ं जए तथिा नागररक चाि्भर की असधक प्भानवता के ललए उपायो का सुझाव दीज ं जए।) 2018

Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (जनता के प्नत सरकार की जवाबदेही स्ानपत करने में लोक लेखा सगमनत की भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2017

“Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are inter-dependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in context of India. (“नवशभन्न स्तरो पर सरकारी तंत्र की ं प्भानवता तथिा िासकीय तंत्र में जन-सहभागगता न्ोन्ाशरित होती हैं।” भारत के सं दभ्भ में इनके बीच सम्न पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016

In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India. (‘िट्ान्पेरेन्सी इन्टरनेिनल’ के ईमानदारी सूचकांक में, भारत काफी नीचे के पायदान पर है । संक्ेप में उन नवसधक, राजनीनतक, आर्थिक, सामाजजक तथिा सांस्ृ नतक कारको पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए, जजनके कारण भारत में साव्भजननक नैनतकता का ह्ास हआ है।) 2016

In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability. (सत्यम् कलंकपूण्भ काय्भ (2009) के प्काि में कॉपवोररेि िासन में पारदर्िता, जवाबदेही को सुननजचित करने के ललए लाए गए पररवत्भनो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015

“If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate. (""यहद सं सद में पिल पर रखे गए स्व्सललिोअस्भ असधननयम, 2011 के सं िोधन नबल को पाररत कर हदया जाता है, तो हो सकता है हक सुरक्ा प्दान करने के ललए कोई बचे ही नही।” समालोचनापू ं व्भक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2015

Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze. (यद्यनप अनेक लोक सेवा प्दान करने वाले सं गठनो ने नागर ं रको के घोषणा-पत्र (चा ं ि्भर) बनाए है, पर दी जाने वाली सेवाओ की गुणवत् ं ा और नागररको के सं तु ं नटि स्तर में अनुकू ल सुधार नहीं हआ है। नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013

‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. (‘राटिट्ीय लोकपाल हकतना भी प्बल क्ो न हो, सा ं व्भजननक मामलो में अनै ं नतकता की समस्ाओ का समाधान नही ं ं कर सकता।’ नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013