August 2021 Onwards

2021-11-22 10:00

Parsec Problem : distance b/w 2 black holes dec with time until it reaches a dist of 1 parsec/ 3.26 light years after which they do not lose any further kinetic energy.
- Event Horizon : area around edge of black hole which no matter or light can cross. Anything that crosses it is sucked into a single pt w/ infinite density called singularity.
DABUS AI was granted patent in South Africa for making food containers.
Zodiacal Clouds : aka interplanetary dust particles IDPs scatters sunlight that can be seen by naked eye.
Dark Energy : makes 68% of the universe and affects its expansion. Hypothetical form of energy behaves opposite of gravity. Planet,Stars, Galaxies make up 5% of Universe 27% is Dark matter and rest is Dark energy.
- XENO1T experiment was to detect DE made 1st detection. It is worlds most sensitive dark matter experiment was operated underground in Italy.
INSACOG Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics : ==for genome sequencing== of SARS-CoV-2 jointly set up by Mo Health and DBT, ICMR, CSIR.
- Genome is an organisms complete set of DNA including genes. Will help personalised medicine
CRISPR gene edited mosquitos : pgSIT(Precision guided sterile insect technique) alters genes linked to male fertility so new offsprings produced are either infertile in case of males or flightless if female. pgSIT are eggs of male mosquitoes that have to be deployed in areas.
National Digital Communications Policy
Artemisinin is a drug to treat malaria but parasite/protozoa plasmodium falciparum is showing antimalarial resistance.
Lucy Mission by NASA to explore asteroids including Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids or those who have the same orbit as Jupiter but are either in front or in back to it. Aims to study the formation of planets it is solar powered mission.
Indian Space Association ISpA : industry asso. of space and satellite cos. is represented by IN corporations w/ advanced capabilities in space and satellite tech. Work towards Policy formulation, global linkages etc.
James Webb Space Telescope JWST joint venture b/w US, ESA, CSA to complement Hubble. It is located at L2 lagrange point. Formerly called the Next Generation Space Telescope and has 6.5m primary mirror.
Polar Areas Stellar Imaging in Polarisation High Accuracy Experiment PASIPHAE an international collaborative sky surveying project to study polarisation in light coming from stars.
OneWeb is a LEO satellite operators who offer internet and communications services. Low Earth Orbit is 500 - 2000km whereas Stationary Orbit is 36000km. Travel b/w 27000kph and take 1.5-2 hrs to complete full cricuit of planet.
- Problems : Complicated regulatory framework; Companies deploying more satellites; Challenge to receive license since coys are from different countries; creates difficulty for astronomers and interrupt frequency of satellites orbiting above them.
5G is next generation of mobile broadband that operates in 30-300 Ghz range in 3 bands. It causes negligible temp rise in human body. More the frequency less penetration into human body.
GI tag given to Apatani textile product from Arunachal Pradesh. Apatani tribes make them they live at Ziro in the lower Subhansiri district. Known for their zig zag patterns mostly shawls/jig jiro and jackets/supuntarii are made.
Vikas Engine to power Ganganyaan mission, liquid fuelled used in PSLV and GSLV.
SSLV Small Satellite launch Vehicle to carry stellites upto 500kg it is smallest ISRO vehicle at 110 tonnes. Will save cost and require less manpower to launch objects into lower LEO.
GRAM Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance #report. AMR is leading cause of deaths worldwide.
Gain of Function is a field of research focused on growing generations of microorganisms under condition that cause mutations in a virus.
- It uses genetic engineering ie editing the genetic code to modify the virus in a predetermined by the scientists or serial passaging allows pathogens to grow under different circumstances and then observing the changes.
- Gain of function causes mutation that make pathogens more deadly. Loss of function involves inactivating mutations.
- It carries biosafety risk referred to as dual use research of concern DURC.
Green Energy Corridor GEC phase II for Intra State Transmission System InSTS. GEC aims to synchronise electricity from renewable sources with conventional power
- GEC InSTS wanted evacuation and integration of renewable energy capacity through setting up of transmission lines and inc transformation capacity of substances.
[[4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc#Stockholm Convention |Stockholm Convention]]
Helioswarm mission is constellation of nine spacecraft that will capture fluctuations in magnetic field and motions of solar wind/ solar wind turbulence.
MUSE Multi Slit Solar Explorere MUSE to help understand how Suns corona is driven
Solar Orbiter = ESA + NASA will provide images of Sun’s south and north poles
Betelgeuse : star in Orion constellation that is dimming slowly
Very Large telescope located in Atacama Desert,Chile consists of 4 unit telescopes
Muktoshri arsenic resistant rice from West Bengal. Arsenic is naturally present in high levels in groundwater and in rocks and soils
first GI tag - Darjeeling Tea
SunRise : NASA mission use Cubesats
GRACE - FO - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow on b/w NASA and German Research
Einsteins theory of relativity predicts the existence of gravitational waves higher than fundamental frequency
Geofencing : app/ software uses GPS, RFID, WiFi etc to trigger a mobile device when it enters a particular geo-location
Madhuban : type of Fortified carrot rich in iron and B-carotene
RTLAMP amplifies RNA helps in detection of virus
Feluda paper strip test to detect corona in an hour CSIR
BerD made from Berberine present in fruits, turmeric etc. Ber D can be used a ==Alzheimers inhibitor==
Solar Minimum : every 11 years or so the sunspots fade away,
SpaceX Demo 2 manned mission to ISS 1st after 2011
GI Tag : Black rice of Manipur, Gorakhpur Terracotta and Kadalai Mittai of Kovipatti, TN. GI valid for 10 years
ICUBE 2019 by Kantar #report on digital adoption, 574 mil monthly active users, 24% inc, penetration of 41% by 2020 - 639 mil.
ANITA : Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna by NASA is a radio telescope used to detect ultra-high energy cosmic ray neutrinos first NASA observatory for neutrinos
5G club proposed by UK to be of 10 democracies IN is included
Extreme Helium Star low mass supergiant almost devoid of Hydrogen. White star :exhausted their nuclear fuel
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detecting and quantifying substances like peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones, a form of rapid test. Immunoglobulin G IgG is an antibody
RT-PCR (Rapid Antibody and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) - identifies SARS CoV 2 RNA, RNA is converted to DNA through reverse transcription
Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) : hosted by OECD, to guide responsible dev in AI grounded in Human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation etc. IN is founding member
NEOWISE - NASA telescope, detects infrared and asteroids, Near Earth Objects NEOs etc
Tianwen-1/ Huoxing 1 - China’s 1st mars probe, orbiter -landerrover. Lander called Zhurong
Perseverance Rover : NASA, will manufacture molecular oxygen on Mars from its CO2 rich atmosphere.
- Carries Ingenuity - helicopter. Planned 1st step to bring back rock.
- Has extracted O2 from CO2 from MOXIE process.
- Is exploring Jezero crater on Mars.
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) : fusion reactor, first fusion device to produce net energy, maintain reaction for long periods of time, test technology. Fusion of Deuterium and Tritium plasma. Tokamak was its predecessor
BeiDou CN satellite navigation system
Digital Quality of Life on internet affordability and e-infrastructure, security etc IN ranked 57 top by DEN lacked on quality, security, e-infra.
RBI Localisation Mandate for Payments Data

store all pay related data locally have unfettered access to it

FIN Min eased directive said only mirroring would be okay

Data protection bill mandatory storage of critical personal data - RBI wanted fortnightly data

DPIIT Draft e-commerce policy

Need : data sovereignty, national security, economic dev, data privacy, curtail arbitrary use, remove conflict of jurisdiction

Solar cycle : changing of Sun’s magnetic north and south every 11 years, they cause solar eruption in sky, affects electronic equipment, radiation dangerous for astronauts
Chandra X : ray translates data collected from outer space into sound Galactic centre, Cassiopeia A, Pillars of Creation Nebula
International Property Appellate Board IPAB : hear and resolve appeals against decision of registrar under Indian Trademark Act 1999, GI Act 1999 #body
Net neutrality : govt and internet service providers treat all data on internet equally, all ISPs to provide same level of data access to all traffic
Non personal data : person cannot be identified, not favourable for MSMEs, start ups
Payments and Settlement System PSS #Act - regulation and supervision, RBI is designated authority
NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) detected water on sunlit side of Moon
Saggitarius A* was one of 2 black holes that was photographedd by Event Horizon Telescope.
Holographic Imaging to detect virus and antibodies, uses laser beams to make 3D image
Biofortification is done when crop is being grown; Food fortification done during processing
5 Eyes Group of nation : US, UK, CAN, AUS, NZ, against end to end encryption of messages
Monoclonal antibodies are man-made proteins that act like antibodies of immune system and target a specific antigen. ^e0014d
Indigen program : analyse 1029 sequenced genomes from IN. Help classify mendelian disorders, improve medicine outcomes by CSIR
EOS 01 - IN latest Earth Obs Sat renamed from the RISAT series
Crew 1 mission by NASA and SpaceX, Falcon 9 1st spacecraft certification provided by NASA
Ariel Space Mission : large scale survey of exoplanets, study nature and evolution
Sentinel 6 satellite : measure changes of global sea level, Jason CS mission.
ISRO Shukrayaan : to study Venus
Hayabusa 2 : asteroid sample return mission from Ryugu
Fast Radio Burst FRBs : generated by type of Neutron star - Magnetar
Video streaming providers or Over the top OTT platforms now come under Mo Broadcasting
Cord blood banking : blood from umbilical cord and placenta post delivery, process of freezing stem cells for later use. It contains special hemtopoietic stem cells to treat diseases.
- Umbilical cord blood could be used to treat HIV.
Cryogenic engine : imp to launch heavy sat, uses Liq H2 and Liq O2 at extremely low temp
Astrosat : IN 1st multi wavelength(visible, x-ray, UV etc) space telescope, combination of 5 telescopes, multi-institute project
Parliamentary Panel #report on 5G. Challenges - lack of various approvals, uncertainty around auctions, price of spectrum, low reach of optical fibre, Spectrum are airwaves of a particular frequency
PSLV C51 : 1st flight of New Space India Ltd, carried 19 Sats and 1st Brazilian - Amazonia 1
NISAR : joint earth observing sat b/w NASA and ISRO to track changes in Earths surface especially Sea and Land ice. Uses a Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR for the purpose.
FSSAI Guideline on GMO crops it regulates GMO limit on imported food crops is 1%
Companies to disclose cryptocurrencies in financial statement by Mo Corporate Affairs
Davinci+ and Veritas are NASA mission to be launched to study Venus. Magellan by NASA and Akatsuki by JAXA were some previous ones. ESA wants to launch EnVision and 2 observatories Theseus and Spica.
Polarisation : property of light that shows the direction on which light wave oscillates.
LEO satellites.
- Benefits : closer to earth -> provides strong signals, potential to rival ground based network
- Criticism : regulation of companies, complicated regulatory framework, challenge to received license for each country, difficulty for astronomers, interrupt frequency of those orbiting above them.
Bitcoin legalised in El Salvador
CHIME Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment : is a large stationary telescope that receives radio signals
Gain of Function : research focuses on conditions that cause mutations in a virus; it involves manipulating pathogens to predict changes and dev vaccines accordingly.
- Serial Passaging : where pathogen is allowed to breed in diff conditions and changes in mutations are observed
DMCA Digital Millenium Copyright Act DMCA
Unity 22 mission of Virgin Galactic aboard VSS Unity mission.
NASA Cassini Spacecraft discovered methane at Titan moon of Satrun. Huygens was the lander for the mission.
VIPER mission of Nasa to explore Moons south pole to see if human life is sustainable there.
NEA Scout us a small spacecraft that will collect data from Near Earth Asteroids NEAs will use solar sail propulsion.
XMM Newton mission X ray space observatory launched by ESA as part of Horizon program.
Nauka is a space laboratory Russia launched to space its biggest ever.
EOS 03 : Earth Observation Satellite by ISRO.
Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC by RBI. Reduce cost of currency mgt, need for inter bank settlement would not be required. Challenges : Cybersecurity threat, lack of digital literacy, challenge in regulation and tracking investment, threat to Privacy.

IT - CA

2019-06-13 12:06:01

AI Kerala police robot, Chennai restaurant robot, Ahmedabad telerobotic medical surgery. IN does not have AI regulation: . Need : give legal definition AI see if intention can be attributed AI, regulate usage data since privacy fundament right, National Start for AI by NITI Aayog
5g Auction ping 1ms(latency) 1Gbps 700mhz 3.5ghz 26/28ghz band auction major source income gov. Concerns : Cellular Operators Association IN(COAI) cumulative debt sector 7lkh Crore, spectrum overpriced.
Google claims to have achieved quantum supremacy.
Google launches radar based soli chip tracks motion on microscopic scale.
Blockchain :
- structure of data is secure, cryptographic and distributed across networks, no need of centralised authorisation.
- every transaction a block is created and added to permanent database.
- National Informatics Centre NIC set up a Centre of Excellence CoE in Bengaluru for demo and proof of concept, provide services etc
Edge computing : data is analysed locally, in real-time without latency, only imp data sent to the network, more vulnerable to malicious attacks, physical vulnerability. Can protect against catastrophic single incident.
Kerala Fibre Optic Network Project obj to provide free high speed internet to 2mil BPL families.
BHIM app now international shown in SIN FinTech festival.
- BHIM UPI : QRbased payment jointly developed by NPCI and NETS of Singapore. Adv : UPI is interoperable as compared to e-wallets.
Starlink project : to have 12000 satellites in low earth orbit, uninterrupted internet services to everyone, current ways of fibre optics and wireless restricted, time lag would reduce
Contract for the Web create a global plan of action for a web that benefits all reps of gov, coys, civil society etc to come together it is not legally binding
CSIR and Indian Institute of Chemical Tech CSIR IICT Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR test facility. NMR used for structural characterisation of pharmaceutical and for quality control and research #body
Gov instant messaging system GIMS dev by National Informatics Centre NIC for inter and intra org comm equivalent to WhatsApp and Telegram, IN alternative and no security concerns hosted in IN has end to end encryption
National Broadband Mission NBM : access to broadband across country, 30lkh km route of optical fibre inc tower density from 0.42 to 1, investment of $100 bil inc. Dev of Broadband Readiness Index, digital fibre map. NBM will lay emphasis on universality, affordability and quality #scheme
Biosimilar medicine : almost identical copy of an original product, produced after the patent on original expires. Biosimilars are equivalent of biological identity while generic is chemically equivalent.
ECho Network to encourage cross disciplinary leadership train postdoctoral leaders in research and outreach through interactive sessions. Improve interdisciplinary skills and collaborative mindset
NEON (New/NEO + human) computationally created virtual human. CORE R3 and SPECTRA are technologies behind it; could be used as a virtual assistance with learning abilities

Biotech CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-04-30 13:03:23

DoBiotech fund Centre Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) + National Research Centre on Meat for cell based meat(Cellular agriculture). Process : remove muscle tissue animal. Make stem cell add plant based serum, grow muscle and produce meat from it.
CCMB sequences genomes of ==Asiatic Lion==, IUCN red list, 523 pop, to study adaptability of environment or behaviour
Fortification of rice #Scheme under DoFood & Public distribution, centrally sponsored, FSSAI regulates it, Fortified rice contains Vit A, B1, B12, Folic Acid, Fe and Zn.

National Policy on Biofules-2018 #scheme
- target 20% blending ethanol in petrol 5% bio-diesel in diesel by 2030.
- 1st Gen can be eaten, 2nd Gen derived from feedstock, 3rd Gen(Algae generated).
- Policy expands scope raw material for ethanol production, protecting farmers,
- Viability Gap funding, boost biodiesel production.
- E 20 is a fuel has 20% ethanol blending; Other Gov steps towards this - National Biofuel Coord Comm procure surplus rice from FCI to make Ethanol, EBP program launched in 2003

Genome IN initiative #scheme :
- Do Biotech sequence 10,000 IN people and 10k diseased study diversity and cancer risk through machine learning.
- study various types of mutations, data accessible.
- IndiGen project is different it maps genes of diverse ethnicities implemented by CSIR to help genetic epidemiology and dev public health tech.
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) transfer from the dogs to tigers and leopards in Ranthambore and previously Gir Lions, infects gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems, no known cure. NOT ZOONOTIC.
ROTAVIRUS : [[Mo Health]] indigenous vaccine ROTAVAC5D by Bharat biotech, severe diarrhoea and death among children less than 5 yr 10% mortality.
Checking antibiotic resistance of Ganga : microbial diversity; IN had some of the highest antibiotic resistance rates, levels of resistance genes that lead to “superbugs” were about 60 times greater during the pilgrimage months.
National Genomic Grid #scheme : will study genomic data of cancer patients will be in line w/ National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB)
IN joins Global Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Development Hub : HQ at Berlin. Infections like TB, gonorrhea, and pneumonia harder to treat due to superbugs.
Microbial Fuel Cells(MFC) installed in London plant takes 1st botanical selfie. MFC converts chemical energy to electrical, bacteria oxidises organic and inorganic material
Guidelines for nano-pharmaceuticals released in IN dev by DBT, ICMR, CDSCO. They are Nanocarrier based targeted drug delivery have high efficacy, low toxicity and safer than conventions meds.
Organoids/ group of cells grown in lab that mimics a fully grown organ using stem cell Help study gene and proteins, complex arrangement of cells, effect of new drugs. Organoids were transplanted into mice - humanisation of host animals.
Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the study of Arctic Circle (MOSAiC),

Space - CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-04-28 13:33:05

Foreign Space Agencies

About BepiColombo ESA JAXA, mercury, 2 orbiter planet and magnetosphere, challenge sun, earlier NASA Mariner ‘75 - Messenger ‘08, help understand history of formation
NASA InSight Mission part of Discovery prgrm, deep martian surface, measure heat output listen marsquake, understand creatn mars+ terrestrial formation of planets, ‘Mole’ drill 16ft inside surface
Ultima Thule water found, asteroid in Kuiper belt outer solar system by NASA New Horizon study formation plutonian system - transformation early solar system
UAE Mars Mission ‘Hope’ 1st Arab country by 2020 insights about the weather, temperature changes, topography, volcano peaks, dust storms etc.
DART Double Asteroid Redirection test : kinetic impact, by NASA, small aircraft payload, launched by SpaceX, defend earth, Didymos A and Didymos B (impact asteroid), change asteroid path slowly over time for planetary defence.
- ESA approved budget of Hera for asteroid landing in binary asteroid sys Didymos due in 2024 called Asteroid Impact Deflection assistance program.
- Will carry NEXT-C Nasa Evolutionary Xenon Thruster. DRACO or Didymos Recon and Asteroid Camera. LICIACube - light Italian Cubesat for imaging of asteroid.
- Dimorphous is the asteroid where impact would take place.
MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging spectrodiometer) maps Earth 1km resolution by NASA, Greening led by China India, green leaf area increase 25% and 6.3 % of world resp. MODIS use : predict global change, assist policy makers.
Operation Artemis : successor of Apollo by US; moon landing by 2024, ARTEMIS 1 : uncrewed moon ortbit 2020, 2 : crewed earth orbit ‘22, 3 : crewed moon landing ‘24; objective to study effects of Sun’s radiation on Moon; will be launched on new US rocket called Space Launch System.
Change’ 4 : lander rover, landed far side moon - Von Kramer crater Aitken Basin, found material from upper crust moon, astronomical observation, survey land, find minerals, study environment
Change’5 : unmanned, bring back lunar rocks
Square Kilometre Array (SKA) : largest radio telescope, fastest supercomputer part 250 pflops (2nd IBM Summit), obs detailed larger area, intergovernmental - 10 mem countries to be built in Australia and South Africa.
Proposal merge LISA + Athena (ESA) study blackhole collision.
- ATHENA (Adv telescope high energy physics) : largest x-ray obsvatory black hole form evolve ordinary matter near dark matter
- LISA(Laser interferometer space antenna) 1st space borne obsvatory gravitational waves low freq #PrelimsPYQ
Spectrum Roentgen Gamma(SRG) telescope : GER-RUS mission, 3d xray map universe find black holes dark energy stars, 4yr mission NOT detect gamma radiation
Spitzer Space telescope retires : study universe in infrared under NASAs great observatory prgrm.
OSIRIS Rex (Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Id Security regolith explorer): closest man made craft around planetary object Bennu asteroid Chosen Coz: close to earth, bigger in size 500m rotates slowly, primitive asteroid not changed carbon rich, high prob collision in 22nd century.
- Mission meant to return sample from asteroid.
Lunar Evacuation System by ESA to evacuate astronaut from lunar surface in case injury
NASA Curiosity (exploring Gale crater investigate climate geology env conditions favourable for life water + habitability) finds Methane on Mars unsure if Biological/ Geologically produced
Falcon Heavy
- 3rd launch puts Deep space atomic clock NASA, 1sec per 10mil yr stable to help spacecraft navigate,
- Lightsail 2 solar powered sail from planetary society.
- ASCENT (Adv spacecraft Energetic non-toxic propellant)green fuel lowers launch processing time result low cost previous used Hydrazine.
Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere(PUNCH) by NASA understand solar winds in 2022
Launch Abort System NASA, activate during rocket malfunction has 3 diff solid fuel motors, will pull manned capsule(Orion - Artemis prgrm) away
TESS (Transient Exoplanet Survey Satellite) NASA mission led by MIT +Google
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe : part “Living With a Star” progm Sun’s atmosphere closest human-made object to Sun.
- use Venus’ gravity during seven flybys,
- corona is hotter than the surface of the sun gives rise to the solar wind
- charged particles help forecast changes in Earth’s space environment.
Israeli spacecraft Beresheet crash landed on moon, had tardigrade Launched by Falcon 9. 1st privately-operated mission on Moon
Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) precise measurements of an interplanetary shock
FEDOR (Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research): life-size humanoid robot Russia assist astronauts on the ISS, controlled through human wearing exoskeleton. In 2011, NASA sent up Robonaut 2 developed with General Motors Japan sent up a small robot called Kirobo
Gravitational Lensing: natural phenomenon bending of light by massive masses eg galaxy to investigate how new stars are born, Using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. work out exactly how much dark matter there, how is it distributed.
- It is directly sensitive to the amount and distribution of Dark matter. It proves Einsteins theory of general relativity.
Asteroid Impact deflection assessment(AIDA) : by NASA and ESA to test if it is possible to deflect asteroid by crashing a spacecraft in it.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) launched by NASA in 2009 to ID potential lunar resources, gather detailed maps of surface, collect radiation data, study the moons polar regions.
NASA ICON mission : study Earth’s ionosphere on Pegasus rocket will be operated by California Univ.
Thirty Metre Telescope TMT : astronomical observatory w/ an extremely large telescope (ELT) by US CN JP IN CAN planned on Mauna Kea Hawaii for near visible and infrared observations, help study distant fainter objects.
Copernicus program:
- Earth Observation program provide timely accurate info for mgt of env headed by European Commission(EC) w/ ESA as partner.
- ESA developing Sentinel satellites for Copernicus’ operational needs.
- Sentinel 3 : world fire atlas data released shows 5x more fires in Aug 2018 than Aug 17 49% of fires were detected in Asia the most.
NASA Voyager 2 has exited heliosphere and entered interstellar space 2nd after V 1 to leave solar sys.
- Heliosphere created by solar wind is bubble shaped and opposing flow of interstellar wind.
- only mission to have studied Neptune and Uranus during flyby’s,
- farthest man made object is Voyager 1
Arianspace was world’s 1st commercial launch service provider
East Asian Observatory EAO part of EAO consortium is non-profit Hawaii corporation; consists of CN, JP, TAI, SKR as full members and THA, VIE, MAL and INDO as observers.
Accretion Bust : when forming star swallows a huge amount of matter resulting is a burst. Maser(Microwave Amplification) Monitoring Organisation M2O was formed to observe such burst events
International Space Station ISS launched in 1998 involved US, RUS, CAN, JP, ESA; in LEO used for experimental purposes. 1st space station was Salyut.
Zhurong is CN 1st Mars rover
Outer Space Treaty for its exploration and use under the United Nations was signed in 1967 and has 111 mem including India.
- Nations were to be responsible for space activities for done by both govt and non govt entities.
- Parties were to immediately inform other parties of outer space discoveries.
- India is a party to all the major international treaties/regulations related to outer space, including Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention and the Registration Convention and has also signed the Moon Treaty.

ISRO - CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-05-08 10:13:13

Aditya L1 : solar mission will study outer layer (Chromosphere) coronal mass ejection, space weather prediction, halo orbit sun, L1 is lagrange Pt 1 where gravity of 2 bodies balance each other
Indian ASAT Shakti 4th country joint DRDO ISRO from Balasore Odisha; debris in space Kessler syndrome, altitude of 350km LEO. To tackle debris : deorbiting measures, use data form NASA space debris sensor and change course, use of Laser beam
YVIKA (Yuva Vigyaniki Karyakram) 3 #scheme 9th class student rural preferred, to promote space knowledge by ISRO in tune with Jai Vigyan Jai Anusandhan
7 Mega mission ISRO next 10 yrs, Chandrayaan 2, Xposat, Aditya L1, MoM 2, Lunar polar, Chandrayaan 3, Venus mission, Exoworlds. Xposat (X ray polarimeter) 2020 5yr mission study polarization.
RISAT 2B aboard PSLV C 46 556 km orbit 37 deg inclination, synthetic aperture radar all weather, 4th sat category, agriculture military disaster mgt use land mapping etc, radial rib antenna
Risat 2B1 aboard C 48 radar imaging earth observation satellite similar to RISAT 2B 5 yr mission life. RISAT was 1st deployed on 2009 uses synthetic aperture radar for all weather mil surveillance. RISAT 2X band prioritised over Risat 1 - C Band SAR due to Mumbai attack
IN Space Station 5 7 yrs after Gaganyaan, 20 tonnes small, 400 km above, prolonged exploration space requires perm station, ISS retire 2025 : NASA ESA JAXA Roscosmos CSA, 250 miles finished 2011, 6 astronauts + visitors, research study microgravity, help explore other world, 9th space station, 2 sections RUS and US
Chandrayaan 2 15 July GSLV MKIII, Orbiter-Lander(Vikram)-Rover(Pragyan), Rover study composition surface mineralogical + elemental studies
- detected charged particles while passing through ‘geotail’ region of interaction b/w Sun’s solar winds and Earth magnetosphere
Space Situational Awareness Control Centre(SSACC) by ISRO : for protecting high valued space assets from debris, collisions, inactive sats
Human spaceflight program : Gaganyaan planned on 2022. Need : Boost industries, employment, tech dev, spur research and dev, motivation, prestige. #scheme
ISRO developing LOx methane engine, methane can be synthesised in space with water and CO2 is seen as fuel of the future
Project Netra to track space debris by setting can track objects 10cm - 3400 km in size. Total 7500 ton space garbage focus on Geostationary Orbit 36000km where India has 15 communication satellites #scheme
PSLV C47 is the XL configuration has 6 solid strap on boosters launched the Cartosat 3 earth imaging sat resolution of 0.25 mtr used for weather mapping and cartography - urban planning, infra dev coastal land use etc. PSLV launches to ==low earth orbit== . At 36000 km called the high earth orbit the sat orbits in sync w/ earth’s rotation is stationary in one latitude called geosynchronous.
Indian Data Relay Satellite System IDRSS for space to space tracking and communication among satellites, it will concentrate on low eath orbit sats. IDRSS sats will be launched aboard GSLV will be 2000kg class in geostationary orbits.
GSAT 30 was launched will replace INSAT 4A works on both Ku Band and C band frequencies will provide DTH, Very small aperture terminals for ATMs, stock exchange etc.

IPR - CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-05-01 17:52:13

US puts IN (25yrs) ‘Priority Watch List’ ‘Watchlist’ little improvement IP framework, topped CN. Reasons IN : difficult maintain patent eg pharma coys, patentability exception again pharma coys, ineffective sys protect unfair commercial use agri chem products #report
GI Tag : given agricultural manufactured natural product from a definite geographical area, element of IPR per Paris Convention, GI governed by WTO TRIPS + IN GI of Goods act ‘99
- GI tag to Odisha Rasagola 2nd after Kandhmal Haldi
Patent prosecution highway program by Indian Patent Office IPO; accelerated patent prosecution procedures by sharing info b/w patent offices #scheme
- Patents come under DPIIT, Mo Commerce.
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - multilateral treaty administered by the WIPO it protects armorial bearings, flags and other state symbols #important ![[Pasted image 20220610124243.png]]

Static - Awareness in Field of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, NanoTech, BioTech

2020-10-22 07:50:03

#todo

IT

Data Localisation

2019-05-26 10:31:31

IN data localisation norm : process data (legislative purpose, issue licenses, prevent law order breakdown, if mandated by other laws) Help : law order, socio-economic growth, boost start up Srikrishna #committee : cannot depend US other, sea optic network breakdown. Recom : - at least 1 copy stored IN, - prevent foreign survey IN data. - Per RBI data localisation for payment sys is mandatory. - Same views can be seen manifesting in Draft personal data protectn bill 2018 & e commerce policy : cross border sharing.

Challenges: overlook negative aspect of localization, short sighted, might not help e-com growth, may spur retaliatory measure, rise in price of foreign cloud services impact MSMEs, detrimental global economy, infra IN insufficient Need: integrated long term strat, create opportunity local data centres, regulatory + legislative framework, Infra investment, attention IT BPO sector. CA,AU,CN,VN w IN, BR JA SKR NZ making laws, US EU say hamper free trade harmful coys bcz multiple compliance. Alter : Law agencies illegally use data, against Article 21(Puttaswami v Union IN) privacy right, citizen right uphold.

Space

#todo

Computers

#todo

Robotics

#todo

Nano-Tech

#todo

Bio-Tech

Pharma Sector in India

India is the largest provider of generic drugs globally. 50% of global demands of vaiicne, 40% generic demand in US and 25% of all medicine in UK come from India.
80% of all drugs to treat AIDS are supplied by Indian firms.
3rd largest in terms of volume and 13th in terms of value.
Challenges : Highly dependent on China for APIs ie almost 70%. Fakes of high value brands.
India is trying to concentrate on bulk drugs to dec cost of APIs.
#todo

CRISPR Gene Edition #PrelimsPYQ

2019-05-08 15:01:10

Jellyfish stings anti venom made by Gene edition using CRISPR Cas9 called Cyclodextrin.
Genes contain bio-information.
CRISPR Cas9 (enzyme) : Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, makes gene editing faster simpler. Targeting specific DNA stretches, corrects gene defects, Cas9 protein removes the effected strand(Stretch), DNA automatically heals, Ethical concerns, no global protocol, scrutiny required
China used cure HIV in embryos removing CCR5 gene but ethically CRISPR (clinically untested procedure) not used clinical embreyos, only against disease which have no treatment(HIV supressed by drugs), CCR5 helps in prevent lung infections/pneumonia, CN wants draft regulation against reproductive uses technique

Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR)

AMR ex. Staphylococcus Aureus resistant to Methicillin, UN Ad Hoc group issues warning : increase in death upto 10 million by 2050 and increase in poverty, could lead to 2008 like financial crisis. Caused by incessant use, counterfeit drugs, unclean water, inadequate sewage treatment. Treatment more riskier, costlier, time taking. India : poorly regulated pharma industry, phasing out critical human use antibiotics in animals, multi-stakeholder approach, distributing responsibly, development of new antibodies, improved hygiene, vaccination, wealthier nation help poor ones, strong regulatory mech, R&D.

Most misused in dairy sector

Issues Arising out of IPR

2020-10-22 07:51:10

#todo

PPV&FR Act, 2001

2019-04-29 14:23:35

#Act

PepsiCo sues Gujarat farmers sowing proprietary potato FC5

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act 2001,
make a system to protect commercial breeders farmers,
make available newer plant varieties to farmers,
stimulate investment breeding,
accelerate agriculture production,
protect rights of both breeders and farmers,
facilitate seed industry in conformity with Int Union For the Protection of New varieties of Plants UPOV 1978
Breeders’ Rights :
- exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety,
- can appoint agent/ licensee and may exercise for civil remedy in case of infringement of rights.
Researchers’ Rights :
- use any of the registered variety under Act,
- includes use 1 to develop other variety but repeated use needs prior permission breeder
Farmers’ Rights:
- farmer who developed their own variety can register like a breeder -no fee required;
- can save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, share, sell, farm produce including protected variety
- eligible for recognition rewards conservation efforts, compensation provision

PYQ

2020-10-30 16:55:26

Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma?	2018
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?	2017
India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in the country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons making this database publicly available under open-source licensing	2015
What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation.	2015
In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms–copyrights, patents and trade secrets.	2014
What do you understand by Umpire decision review in cricket? Discuss its various components. Explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system?	2013
What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their applications in aviation and automobile industry	2013
Bring out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to section 3(d) in the India n Patent Law, 1970. Discuss how it has been utilized by Supreme court in its judgment rejecting Novartis patent application for “Glivec”. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision.	2013
How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology.	2013
What do you understand by fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits.	2013

Contribution of Indians in S&T, Indigenisation of Tech

The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (देि में आयु संभानवता में आई वृगधि से समाज में नई स्ास्थ्य चुनौनतयाँ खडी हो गई हैं। यह नई चुनौनतयाँ कौन-कौन सी हैं और उनके समाधान हेतु क्ा-क्ा कदम उठाए जाने आवश्यक हैं?) 2022

What is the basic (principle behind vaccine development ? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (वैसिीन नवकास का आधारभूत ससधिांत क्ा है? वैसिीन कै से काय्भ करते हैं? कोनवड-19 िीको के न ं नमा्भण हेतु भारतीय वैसिीन ननमा्भताओ ने क् ं ा-क्ा पधिनतयाँ अपनाई हैं?) 2022

What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (भारत की अपना स्यं का अंनतररक् कें द्र प्ाप्त करने की योजना है और हमारे अंनतररक् काय्भरिम को यह हकस प्कार लाभ पहंचाएगी ?) 2019

How is the government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies? (भैषजजक कं पननयो के द् ं ारा आयुनवज्ा्भन के पारंपररक ज्ान को पेिेंि कराने से भारत सरकार हकस प्कार रक्ा कर रही है?) 2019

Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics. (प्ो० सत्येन्द्र नाथि बोस द्ारा हकए गए ‘बोस-आइन्साइन सांक्ख्की के काय्भ पर चचा्भ कीजजए और दिा्भइए हक इसने हकस प्कार भौनतकी के क्त्र में े रिांनत ला दी थिी।) 2018

India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically. (भारत ने चन्द्रयान व मंगल कक्ीय गमिनो सह ं हत मानव-रहहत अंतररक् गमिनों में असाधारण सफलता प्ाप्त की है, लेहकन मानव-सहहत अंतररक् गमिनो में ं प्वेि का साहस नहीं हकया है । मानव-सहहत अंतररक् गमिन लांच करने में प्ौद्योगगकीय व सुप्चालननक सहहत मुख् रुकाविें क्ा हैं ? समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2017

Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of fast breeder reactor programme in India? (भारत में नाशभकीय नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी की संवृगधि और नवकास का नववरण प्स्तुत कीजजए । भारत में तीव्र प्जनक ररयेट्र काय्भरिम का क्ा लाभ है ?) 2017

Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (अंतररक् नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी के क्त्र में भारत की उपल े त्धियो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए। इस प्ौद्योगगकी का प्योग भारत के सामाजजक-आर्थिक नवकास में हकस प्कार सहायक हआ है?) 2016

Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (अनतसूक्ष्म प्ौद्योगगकी (नैनोिेक्ोलॉजी) 21वीं िताबी की प्मुख प्ौद्योगगहकयो में से एक ं क्ो है? अ ं नतसूक्ष्म नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी पर भारत सरकार के गमिन की प्मुख नविेषताओ त ं थिा देि के नवकास के प्रिम में इसके प्योग के क्त्र का व े ण्भन कीजजए।) 2016

What do you understand by ‘Standard Positioning Systems’ and ‘Protection Positioning Systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (जी.पी.एस युग में ‘मानक स्स्नत-ननधा्भरण प्णाललयो’ और ‘पर ं रिुधि स्स्नत-ननधा्भरण प्णाललयो’ से ं आप क्ा समझते हैं? के वल सात उपग्रहो का इ ं स्तेमाल करते हए अपने महत्वाकांक्ी आई.आर.एन.एस.एस. काय्भरिम से भारत हकन लाभो को देखता है, ं इस पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015

Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer oriented. Critically comment. (भारतीय नवश्नवद्यालयो में वैज् ं ाननक अनुसं धान का स्तर गगरता जा रहा है, क्ोहक ं नवज्ान में कै ररयर उतना आकष्भक नही है ज ं जतना हक वह कारोबार सं व्यवसाय, इंजीननयरी या प्िासन में है, और नवश्नवद्यालय उपभोतिा-उन्ुखी होते जा रहे हैं। समालोचनात्मक हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2014

Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (क्ा ऐन्टीबायोहिको का अ ं नत-उपयोग और डॉट्री नुसख़े के नबना मुति उपलधिता, भारत में औषसध-प्नतरोधी रोगो के आ ं नवभा्भव के अंिदाता हो सकते हैं? अनुवीक्ण और ननयंत्रण की क्ा हरियानवसधयां उपलधि है? इस सं बं ध में नवशभनन मुद्ो पर समालोचनापू ं व्भक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014