Communalism/ Regionalism/ Secularism

1 Communalism/ Regionalism/ Secularism

2019-04-28 06:18:21

1 Communalism/ Regionalism/ Secularism
- 1.1 CA April 2019 onwards
2 Communalism
3 Regionalism
4 Secularism
- 4.1 How to Promotes Secularism?
- 4.2 Criticism of Indian Secularism
5 2nd ARC Recom
- 5.1 2nd ARC on Religious Conflict
- 5.2 2nd ARC On Regional Disparities
6 PYQ

1.1 CA April 2019 onwards

US International Religious Freedom #Report (USCIRF) 2019, India put in Tier 2 in Countries of Particular Concern (CPC) category because of overall deterioration of religious freedom in India, securitisation and politicisation of religion, anti-conversion laws, cow vigilantism, mob lynching.
2020 #report - lowest ranking along with CN, DPRK, KSA, PAK. Concerns - CAA, NRC, etc.

2 Communalism

2020-06-19 08:10:08

Communalism is an ideology where people believe that their interests (social, economic, political etc) are different and divergent from the interests of other religions and that they are incompatible to each other

2.1 Communal Riots History

Partition of India 1947
Anti-Sikh riots 1984
Ethnic Cleansing of Kashmiri Pandits 1989
Babri Masjid demolition 1992
Godhra train incident followed by Gujarat Riots 2002
Assam Communal violence 2012
Muzaffarnagar violence 2013

2.2 Causes of Communalism

Religious orthodoxy
Sectarian politics
Low economic status : rural communities have failed to adopt scientific and technological education and led to lower representation in jobs, etc.
Geographical settlement of different religious groups have made integration difficult and have led to growth of different cultural ways, beliefs etc.
Social causes : different customs, practices, institutions b/w religions have led to think themselves as two distinct communities
External factors - interference of outside countries in internal affairs
Impact of Mass media/social media

2.3 Effects of Communalism

Mass killings, rapes, etc.
Ghettoization of communities, refugee crisis.
Threat to constitutional values
Religious stereotyping of minorities

2.4 Steps that Have Been Taken

NHRC
Nanavati-Mehta commission to enquire about Gujarat violence
Sachar Committee - suggested setting up of a grievance redressal mechanism the Equal Opportunity Commission EOC against various types of discrimination
Ranganath Mishra Commission - advised 10% reservation for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in centre and state govt jobs

2.5 Further Measures Required

Administrative efficiency and alertness
Imbibing nationalism into communism by their respective communities
Discouraging religious politics
Responsible media
Monitoring social media rumours
Better employment opportunities to youth, literacy campaigns, creating awareness etc

3 Regionalism

2020-06-19 08:10 : 13

Is sub national identity uniting around the ideology of a particular region, culture etc is called regionalism.
It could be economic, ethnic, cultural, linguistic, political regionalism.

3.1 Reasons for Conflicts

Imposing a particular ideology or culture - 1950s Hindi imposition and linguistic division of states.
Economic reasons -
- Economic favouritism towards a particular region led to backwardness of others and formed the states of Telangana, Jharkhand.
- Economic exploitation and loss of opportunities viz in Assam against outsiders/Bangladeshi immigrants
Political reasons -
- Political exploitation of feelings of regionalism viz in Khalistan movement, Telangana.
- Aspirations of people to be politically autonomous

3.2 Types of Regionalism

Parochialism - narrow minded outlook of ones region, ill-treating people of other regions. Shiv Sena against South and North Indians, ULFA against Biharis.
Regionalism - demand for separate statehood
Secessionism - Ex movements in Nagaland, Kashmir
Inter State disputes - sharing of river water, land boundaries.

3.3 Effects of Regionalism

3.3.1 Positive Effects

Helps strengthening the nation by dissolving fissures and dissent
Brings balanced regional development

3.3.2 Negative Effects

Hampers economic growth, creates instability and erodes faith of investors
Internal security challenges
Increases political opportunism
Increases government spending on elections, economic packages etc

3.4 Measures Taken to counter it

Establishment of Planning Commission and now NITI Aayog
5th and 6th schedule
Linguistic organisation of states
Inter-state council
Special grants to backward classes

3.5 Suggestions

Imbibing nationalist outlook in students through school curriculums.
Interdependence among states
Grass-root democracy
Better utilisation of organisational machinery ex NITI Aayog
Proper sharing of economic resources

4 Secularism

2020-06-19 08:10:18

Secularism opposed all forms of inter (in between religions) and intra (within religions) religious domination.

4.1 How to Promotes Secularism?

Education
Separation of state from religion
State should not have a formal or a legal alliance with any religion
Strict separation of state and religion is a feature of most western countries. This does not allow equality to prevail within and among religions.
Indian secularism deals with the inter and intra religious equality, religious minorities, state supports religious reforms.
Indian secularism’s engagement with religion could be positive (right to establish their own educational institution) and negative (opposing religious tyranny like abolishing untouchability)

4.2 Criticism of Indian Secularism

Anti-religious : disrespect to dogma, fanaticism, hatred and intervention in these by state.
Secularism is a Western Import : it has a both western and non-western origin
Minoritism
Interventionist - it is not coercive but constructive
Vote Bank politics -
Impossible to attain complete secularism

5 2nd ARC Recom

2020-11-07 17:35:26

5.1 2nd ARC on Religious Conflict

Community policing
District peace comm be made by DM in consultation w/ SP also Mohalla Comm be organised in same line
Separate law to deal w/ communal violence, enhance
punishment for communal offences, setting up special courts for expeditious trial of cases
Powers of remand to Exec Magistrate in cases of communal offences
Prescription of norms of relief and rehab

5.2 2nd ARC On Regional Disparities

Composite criteria for ID backward areas including poverty, literacy, infant mortality rates
U S gov should adopt formula for Block wise devolution of funds, Governance need be strengthened in backward areas
System of rewarding states, achieving significant reduction in intra state disparities be introduced

[[National Integration and Secularism NIOS.pdf]]
https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lesy106.pdf

6 PYQ

2020-10-30 13:46:20

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How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss.	2018
’Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations.	2018
Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India.	2017
What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)?	2017
Why are the tribals in India referred to as the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment.	2016
What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer.	2016
Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.	2015
Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.	2015
How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West?	2014
Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss.	2013