Establishment of Delhi Sultanate : Ghurian Invasions and Factors for Its Success

2020-04-26 19:29:29

The Establishment of Sultanate, Ghurian Invasions and Factors for Their Success

rule of Turks over large parts of North IN capital at Delhi
feudal system : titles adopted by feudatories were mahasamantas, mahamandaleshvara, raja, ranaka, samanta, thakura, bhogika.
Invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni were actual precurosrs of the beginning from 1000 AD - 1030 AD, brokedown IN resistance

objective to gain control over Punjab and Sindh, through Gomal pass, conquering Peshawar, Ucch and Multan by 1179
attacked Bhatinda in 1191 but defeated returned to defeat the Chauhan Rajputs at Tarain 1192
! 1st Battle of Tarain : Ghori aka Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam captured Tabarhinda fort, P defeated G,
! 2nd Battle : 1192
- $ Minhaz Siraj, Ferishta’s, Hasan Nizami accounts are sources
- $ Ferishta - all leading rais were under Prithviraj
- P taken to Ajmer and allowed to rule
Ghori left Indraprastha/Delhi Aibak appt governor
& Tarain - watershed paved way ascendancy of Turks, Rajputs decayed
Aibak conquered upper Doab, Meerut and Baran 1192.
1193 Delhi , 1194 Kol (Aligarh)
Jayachandra Ghadavala dyn defeated and Banaras, Asni captured
By end of 12 C most doab, Bundelkhand captured
Under Bakhtiar Khalji Magadha and Bengal were subdued

Lack of centralized power : After fall of GP empire, no single state took its place.
Small states : Gahadavalas in Kannauj, Parmaras in Malwa, Chalukyas in Gujarat, Chauhans in Ajmer, Tomars in Delhi, Chandellas in Bundelkhand rose but they quarreled among themselves
peculiar social hierarchy
- $ Fakhr Mudabbir in his Adab-ul Harb wa’al Shuja excluded majority of pop from mil training, concept of untouchability led soldiers who were high caste do all of the menial works themselves
Use iron stirrup and horse shoes increased striking power,mobility and stamina of cavalry
Area around Ghur was rich in iron, tradition of weapons production
constant feud b/w states of central Asia - to their militarisation,
horses well bred, cavalry skilled, fast moving, Elephants slow moving
Ghazi spirit -> defending and spreading Islam
Iqta system -> to collect land revenue, taxes only, was to furnish troops to the sultan
Subuktigin defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapal annexed Kabul and Jalalabad paved way for early inroad.
Ghazni gave patronage to Firdausi.
Invasions period was of great flux and confusion

! Moved capital to Lahore to counter Yalduz also defend against Khwarizm shah
Expansion -> Foundation of Turkish Rule in Upper Ganga
Aibak governor of Hissar Sirsa, captured Delhi in 1192 on the pretext of rebellion from Tomars similarly Ajmer annexed
Jaichand of Ghadavals rejoiced P’s defeat did not help the Dor Rajputs - Defeated in 1194 Asni/Fatehpur and Varanasi plundered
From 1194-1198 Bayana, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Mahoba, Khajuraho captured
Kannauj captured in 1198
Turkish power was still limited were not able to hold positions

Ghazni a better General never lost a battle.
Ghori had political realism, sense of purpose, not afraid to change plans.
Both used religion, gathered wealth to fund Central Asia campaign, enriched their Buildings.

Rebellion of ousted rules esp Rajputs
Factionalism in Turkish nobility - political instability ex in Multan, Sindh, Lakhnauti
Central Asian crisis after death of Ghuri
Rise of Mongols + deprivation of support from Ghur prevented further expansion

KA Nizami Indian response in 3 distinct phases : aloofeness, appeasement and resistance

Aloofness : by Iltutmish, alliance of Mangbarni and Khokhars of Punjab was dangerous for Iltutmish he was also aware of the weakness of his new formed state - $ avoided political alliance with Khwarizm prince even leading an expedition against him as per Minhaz Siraj
Appeasement from Razia’s reign 1236 continued till 1260* inspite of the invasion threat from the Khan of Transoxiana
Resitance from Balbans reign used both force and diplomacy - reinforced forts at Bhatinda, Sunam and Samana and captured Multan, Uchh

@ Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja ravaged Del during *Khalji’s reign 1303
AK recruited huge standing army, repulsed them 1306, 1308
successful defence of IN and Mongol destruction of Central Asia saw migration of scholars, mystics, artisans