Major Crops, Irrigation
Major Crops, Irrigation
Section titled “Major Crops, Irrigation”2019-04-28 06:33:07
CA : April 2019 onwards
Section titled “CA : April 2019 onwards”- Fall Armyworm : pest, multi crop eater(polyphagous) reported all over India, males can fly 100km a day, female lays 1500-2000 eggs, 45 day lifecycle, native to tropical America, 5 lkh tonne shortfall in crops.
- Kaleshwaram Lift irrigation : world’s largest irrigation drinking water project Telangana, storage 148 tmc ft irrigate 738k hectares area.
- Zero Budget Natural Farming ZBNF: cost of growing and harvesting is zero, uses biological pesticides (bijamritha) + fertilizers called (jeevamrutha) reduces farmers investment;
- Mukhya Mantri Krishi Aashirvad Yojana in Jharkhand welfare and financial support to farmers #scheme
- Transforming Lives through Farm Ponds: innovative water management measure Cost-effective structures, enhance water control intensification and boost farm incomes.
- Uber for Tractors app by Gov: hire tractors, rota-vator for affordable access to cutting-edge technology includes a rating system with feedback, also an invaluable database for policy-maker
- Ban on export of Onion to maintain prices by amending export policy by Mo Industry and Commerce. Sub-optimal measure instead gov should improve storage facilities and augment supply
- World Cotton day 7-11 Oct in Geneva organised by WTO. Objective : give exposure to all stakeholders in production, transformation etc, strengthen development initiatives, seek new collabs w/ private sectors
- Polavaram Project : multi-purpose irrigation making a dam across Godavari river for hydro, irrigation and drinking water facilities accorded national status in 2014
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) #Scheme recom of V Gupta Committee, implemented by banks, covers risk against death/ permanent disability ^91ec67
- BT Brinjal banned but still cultivated, GMO (Mahyco) insert gene cry1Ac pest resilient.
- BT Cotton resistant to pink bollworm attack, not cleared by GEAC, years to show adverse effect, punishable offence EPA 1986, sale of Seed Act 1966, Cotton Act 1957
- cost of weeding, usage of pesticide goes down
- Krishi Megh under National Agricultural Higher Education Project NAHEP data to mitigate risk, enhance quality, availability accessibility, use AI latest information regarding agri & research. #body
- Organic farming : 9th in areas, Sikkim 1st fully organic, Tripura Uttarakhand, NE has been traditionally organic, tribal, island territories ex flax seeds, sesame, soybean, tea, medicinal plants, rice, pulses.
- Yellow rust : leaves of Wheat crop, drain the Carbohydrate, in Northern and NW parts.
- FAO named 3 hotspots as ‘extremely alarming’ locust activity. Horn of Africa, Red Sea and South West Asia. Desert, Migratory, Bombay and Tree - types that are found in IN.
- FPOs - mem are farmers. SFAC provides support, Help in gives farmers collective strength, better access to tech, input, finance etc
- KVKs : agri extension center under the jurisdiction of Agri Technology Application Research Institute ATARIs, acts as a link b/w ICAR and farmers
- Coir : geotextile to be used to make roads, it is made from coconut husk. Geotextiles used to make roads, airfields etc
- Contract farming : bulk purchasers including agro processing/exporting/trading unit enter into contract with farmers to purchase at pre agreed price, regulated under Contract act 1872.
- #Scheme for formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PMFME) : centrally sponsored, credit linked subsidy, cluster approach, focus on perishables. ^6afce8
- Under Atmanirbhar Bharat to enhance competitiveness of existing individual micro entterprises in unorganised FPI industry.
- For Unorganised sector on All India Basis with objective to inc access to finance, inc in rev of target enterprises, strengthen capacities, shift to organised sector.
- Rajiv Gandhi Nyay yojana - Chhatisgarh, Rs 10,000/acre for farmers #scheme
- Bt cotton : only GM crop allowed in IN, contains gene from soil bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis Bt, protect from bollworm.
- Ht Bt cotton resists herbicide glyphosate
- Bt Brinjal resist attack of fruit and shoot borer
- DMH 11 mustard - cross polination in same self-pollinating seeds
- Jute : humidity required is 60-90%, rain fed, IN worlds largest, 1st mill in Rishra 1855, all foodgrains and 20% Sugar be packed in Jute bags
- Tea : IN accounts ==14% of global tea export==, largest consumer, 2nd largest producer, 4 largest exporter.
- IN biggest producer 24% of world and consumer of Pulses.
- Alkaloisd used for medical purposes made from poppy straw/ Opium, production of Opium controlled by Revenue Dept under Mo Finance
- Mettur - R. Sarabanga lift irrigation project is in TN
- Swamitva yojana extended to all states.
- Large Area Certification #scheme under Do Agriculture as part o[[2.1 Food Security, MSP, Farm Subsidies#^81d741 |Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana]] village grouped into clusters and their organic products are certified if they adhere to standard requirement renewal of certification annuallly
Static - Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of Country
Section titled “Static - Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of Country”2020-10-22 07:56:56
- CP is proportion of area under different crops
- determined by rainfall, climate, temperature, soil types - Natural Factors, Historical Factors, Govt policies, Economic Factors, Social Factors
- Rainfed agri on 65% of area,
Chief Crops and producing States :
- Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh
- Rice — West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh
Issues w/ R,W - stagnation in production and productivity, decline in groundwater table, over mining of nutrients from soil, inc in pest attacks, shortage of labour
- Gram — Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
- Barley — Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
- Bajra — Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan
Cash Crops
- Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
Issues - Late planting, imbalance and inadequate use of nutrients, poor Nitrogen usage, stubble of sugarcane pose tillage problem
- Poppy — Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh
Oil Seeds
- Coconut — Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Linseed — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
- Groundnut — Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Issues are non-availability of quality seeds, water logging, limited expansion of Rabi groundnut
- Rape seed and mustard — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
- Sesame — Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
- Sunflower — Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
Issues - lack of tech advancement, loss due to erratic weather, waterlogging, diseases and pests, low harvest index, flower drop, indeterminate growth habit, very poor response, Nutrient needs of system
Fibre Crops
- Cotton — Maharashtra and Gujarat
Issues - delay planting, stubbles create tillage problem, cotton pest like boll worm white fly, poor N2 use efficiency
- Jute — West Bengal and Bihar
- Silk — Karnataka and Kerala
- Hemp — Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Plantations
- Coffee — Karnataka and Kerala
- Rubber — Kerala and Karnataka
- Tea — Assam and Kerala
- Tobacco — Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
Spices
- Pepper — Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
- Cashewnuts — Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
- Ginger — Kerala and Uttar Pradesh
- Turmeric — Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
- Maize-Wheat - UP, RAJ, MP, Bihar
Issues - sowing timing, poor weed management, poor plant varieties, poor use of organic inorganic fertilizers
- India stands first in the production of bananas, papaya, and mangoes. During FY20*, 29.64 million metric tonnes (MMT) of banana, 5.64 MMT of papaya and 21.28 MMT of mango were produced in the country.
- During FY20*, guavas production amounted to 4.34 MMT.
- India is the largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in the country is expected to reach 208 million tonnes (MT) in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, growing at 10 per cent y-o-y.
- India has the world’s largest population of buffalos (108.7 million).
- India is the largest producer of pulses globally — it stood at 23.01 MT in FY20**.
- Among vegetables, India ranks second in the world with 188 MMT production in FY20*; it is number one in producing Okras with 6.44 MMT production in FY20*
- Export of Agri and Processed goods was US$ 38.49 billion. basmati rice (US$ 4.71 billion), buffalo meat (US$ 3.58 billion) and non-basmati rice (US$ 3.00 billion)
- Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 100 countries/regions, chief among them being the Middle East, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the US.
- Export Most by value in 2019-2020 are Cereals Animal Products Other Processed Food Processed Fruits and Vegetables Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
- IN 2nd largest exporter of Rice
- Agri imports - Palm oil Soya-bean oil Sun/safflower/cotton-seed oil Dried shelled vegetables Miscellaneous nuts Cotton (uncarded, uncombed) Coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashews Synthetic rubber
Image unavailable in web version: Area, Production and Yield (2016-17) Foodgrains’ Rice Nilleat Jowar BAjra Pulses Gram Tur Oil Groundnut Rapeseed and Mustard Co ttonb Sugarcane Table 3 : ha) 128.0 43.2 30.6 5.1 9.9 7.5 29.5 9.6 5.4 26.2 5.3 6.0 10.8 4.4 change in area over 3.9 0.6 -15.4 12.0 18.3 14.1 36.3 0.5 15.6 4.8 -11.8 -10.9 (Million tonnes) 275.68 110.15 98.38 4.57 26.26 9.80 22.95 9.33 4.78 32.10 7.56 7.98 33.09 306.72 change in production 9.6 5.5 16.4 21.5 40.4 32.1 86.6 27.1 12.4 17.4 10.3 -12.0 (kg/ ha) 2153 2550 3216 889 2664 1311 779 973 885 1225 1424 1324 519 change in yield over 5.5 6.3 6.0 27.5 3.9 15.9 18.7 15.8 36.9 26.5 -2.8 12.0 25.0 -1.2 Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Note: * : Fourth Advance Estimates; : tonnes/ha, :lncludes cereals and pulses; b : Million Bales of 170 kg each.*
India is largest Producer of
- Millets, Dry Beans, Chickpea, Pulses, Ginger, Okra, Banana, Mango, Guava, Lemons and Lime, Milk, Chilli Pepper, Ginger, Jute, Bast Fibre, Wood Fuel
Image unavailable in web version: Chena Ladang Jhum Podu Milya Konuko Roka Milpa Sri Lanka Java and Indonesia North-eastern India Andhra Pradesh Mexico and Central America Venezuela Brazil Yucatan and Guatemala
Static : Diff Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems Storage
Section titled “Static : Diff Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems Storage”2020-10-22 07:57:28
- Irrigation is artificial application of water, assist growth
- Well and Tube Well I -
- In UP, Bihar, TN ex shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian
- Advantages - cheap, easy to use, independent source, add fertility to soil
- Demerits - limited areas can be irrigated, depletes ground water, not enough capacity
- Canal Irrigation
- In areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils, perennial, extensive command areas in UP, PUN, HAR
- Inundation C - water mainly in rainy season vs Perennial
- Merits : perennial, saves crops from droughts
- Demerits : overflow during rainy, suitable for plains only
- Tank - Ktaka, MP, Maha, Odisha, Kerala
- Merits : natural, not costly, longer life span, fishing etc also carried
- Demerits : drying up, lifting water and carrying to field requires cost
- Drip : use drippers, low level, most efficient, practiced on large crops
- M : Fertilizer, Nutrient loss is min, field levelling not necessary, reduced leaching, recycled non potable water can be used, water application efficiency increases, soil erosion, weed growth negligible
- D : initial cost can be more, clogging, time, harvest, loss if not installed properly
- Sprinkler : sprayed in air, suitable for uneven land, shallow soils
- M : suitable for all types of soil, water saving, inc yield, saves land
- D : Higher initial cost, efficiency dec in high wind high temp
- Furrow - trenches are dug, difficulty is ensuring uniform dispersion, water loss
- Surge Irrigation type of furrow, Ditch Irrigation
- Sub Irrigation - water delivered from below soil, absorbed upwards
- M : water and nutrient conservation, labour saving
- D : outfitting cost is relatively high, inc presence of disease in recycle water
Static : Transport and Marketing of Agri Produce and Issues and Related Constraints
Section titled “Static : Transport and Marketing of Agri Produce and Issues and Related Constraints”2020-10-22 07:57:58
- Transport - delivering product from farmers to final consumers, includes pre post harvesting, assembling, grading, storage, transportation and distribution
- Role - transmit macroeconomic signals, balance demand/ supply, providing incentives to producers to inc production and output, promote efficient use
- Regulatory measures
APMC Act
Section titled “APMC Act”- Mandates sale/purchase in specified markets
- Prices determined by open auction, conducted in transparent manner
- Market charges can be made from sale proceeds
- Farmers - APMC Mandis - Auctioning of produce to establish price - produce sold - commission agent charge
- Adv - removes malpractices, transparent, ensures fair deal
- D : encourage private trade, prevents private investment, act has reduced competition
Model APMC Act 2003
Section titled “Model APMC Act 2003”- Private and cooperatives can set up licensed markets
- Provides for contract farming, provides for contract farming, direct marketing by private players
Problems facing agri marketing sys -
- Too many intermediaries, inadequate infra, private sector unwilling to invest, non-transparent price setting mechanism, ill equipped untrained staff, market info not easily accessible
- ECA
- Agri produce Grading Marketing Act
- Defines standards of quality, prescribes grade specification for no of products
- Authorises agri marketing advisor in each state
- Private and Coop sector in Marketing agri produce
- Removal of licensing requirements on buying, stocking, transporting in Agri products, Milk and Milk product order
- Safal - fruits, vegetables auction market, eliminates middle men
- Mother Dairy food procuring, ITC E-choupal
- Initiatives to promote link b/w producers and consumers - Shetkari bazaars, Apni Mandis, Rythu Bazaars, Krushak Bazaars, Uzhavar Sandhais
- Farmer Producer Orgs - informal farmer groups, marketing coops, producer coys
- Organised Retail Outlets
Static - E-technology in the Aid of Farmers
Section titled “Static - E-technology in the Aid of Farmers”2020-10-22 07:51:37
- Computerised farm machinery, ITC e-Choupal, Kisan Kerala, Aaqua, Rice Knowledge management portal, E-Krishi, Mahindra Kisan Mitra, IFFCO, Agri Portal, Village Knowledge Centre VKCs
- ICT divided into 3 categories - those which aim at empowerment, enablement and Market expansion
- Helps farmers have better access to information, in soil management, water, seed, Fertiliser, Pest, Harvest, Post-Harvest
- Uses Remote sensing, computer simulation, assessment of speed and direction, soil quality assays, Crop yield predictions, Marketing
- Recent initiatives
- e-NAM to integrate agri market online, view all info, commodity arrivals and prices
- IFFO iMandi - social commerce app, for large communities
- Export Inspection Council EIC promote ease of agri exports
- Meghdoot app, Kisan Suvidha, Pusa Krishi app
- Importance - remedies water crisis, desertification, crop pests; develops efficient methods of advancement; make better informed decisions
- Challenges - lack of infra, right input and advisory, poor reach, Illiteracy, adoption issues/affordability,
- Need - outreach, monitoring, behavioural reforms, digital literacy
- Precision agri - use of satellite farming mgt concept, use ICT to manage crop health
- AI - simulates human intelligence, Learning, Reasoning, Self-correction
- Block Chain
- Food Systems are activities that involve producing, processing, transporting and consuming foods ^cb312c
2020-10-30 16:47:02
| Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State? | 2018 |
|---|---|
| Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers? | 2018 |
| How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes in cropping patterns in recent past? Elaborate the emphasis on millets production and consumption. | 2018 |
| What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? | 2017 |
| What is water-use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing the water-use efficiency. | 2016 |
| What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture. | 2016 |
| Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) | 2016 |
E Technology in the Aid of farmers
| Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? | 2017 |
|---|---|
| How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards? | 2015 |
- Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (भारत में स्तंत्रता के बाद कृ नष में आई नवशभन्न प्कारो की ं रिांनतयो को स्प ं टि कीजजए । इन रिांनतयो ने भारत में गरीबी उन् ं ूलन और खाद्य सुरक्ा में हकस प्कार सहायता प्दान की है ?) 2017
- How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards? (‘‘हडजजिल भारत’ काय्भरिम खेत उत्ादकता और आय को बढ़ाने में हकसानो की ं हकस प्कार सहायता कर सकता है? सरकार ने इस संबंध में क्ा कदम उठाए हैं?) 2015