Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India

2020-03-10 12:55 :19

Blue dot network : certify major infra projects whether they are sustainable or not, is US led other mem are AUS, JP; will not directly invest. For both Gov and Private projects.
ASKDISHA is a chatbot by IRCTC. AI based to resolve customers queries #scheme
National Infrastructure Pipeline NIP : world-class infrastructure, improve quality of life, imp project preparation, attract investment, economic and social infra.
- Atanu Chakraborty #report on National Infrastructure Pipeline NIP Recom : investment needed of Rs 111 lakh crore, energy roads etc; push towards asset sales, monetisation of infra assets, setting up of dev fin institution, strengthen municipal bond market.
Global Energy Review by IEA - #report
- 6% decline in global energy demand most in advance economies.
- renewables will not see decline in demand.
Impact of Energy Efficiency by Mo Power and NRE, reduced intensity by 20% from 2005 levels #report
Global Energy Transition Index - WEF. IN ranks 74th, SWE tops #report
Indian Gas Exchange IGX : online delivery based gas trading platform under IEX (India Energy Market Platform), trading in spot and forward market. Domestic production of LNG is 50% rest is imported
Gati Shakti : national infrastructure master plan will bring planning and coordination and minimise delays b/w ministries. Not the same as NIP. Gati Shakti is a digital platform that connects 26 minisries including Roads, Highways, Railways, Shipping, Petroleum & Gas etc.
- Aims to boost multimodal connectivity and drive down logistics cost. Will cover infra projects worth over 500cr.
- Portal would provide geospatial data, including on existing infra. Allow govt to track various govt projects.
- Different dept will be able to prioritise their projects through cross sectoral interactions and boost last mile connectivity.
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Ishaat Hussain #committee .
provide capital to both Private and non-profit sector.
housed within existing stock exchange viz BSE/NSE
Recom : direct listing of NPOs, funding through Social Venture Funds, Min reporting standard, Profit social enterprise
Pre-packaged insolvency : agreement for resolution of debt of distressed coy b/w secured creditors and investors, incumbent mgt retains control till last, act as alternative resolution mechanism to Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process CIRP, lower burden on NCLT
PLI #scheme for hardware manufacturing in electronics sector. Reasons - high cost of fin, lack adequate infra, inadequate availability of quality power, limited design capabilities, low skill dev. Also for pharma coys.
Export Preparedness Index EPI 2020 ==by NITI Top== is Gujarat, Maha, TN. It analysises export achievents of states/UTs
- Challenges in ex promotion - Intrainter regional disparities, poor trade support and R&D.
- Need : joint dev, industry academia linkage, create state level engagement, revamped design standard #report
- EPI 2021 Gujarat topped. Coastal states performed better.
Chennai Andaman Nicobar Island submarine help delivery of e governance, telemedicine, tele education, small enterprises, help BPOs, internet bills will come down.
Coal Gasification is the production of Syngas. Benefits : transporting is cheaper, low pollution, greater efficiency but it emits twice as much CO2 as burning coal.
Natural Gas Marketing reforms : e bidding, transparent bidding, pricing freedom,
India Energy Modeling Forum - by NITI + USAID platform to examine imp energy env issues, inform decision making process, coop, computer models are built. Consists of inter-ministerial comm, steering com.
First seaplane service in Gujarat : connects Sabarmati seafront to statue of unity in Kevadia
Net Asset : total asset excluding cash, bank balance, money market instruments.
- Qualifying asset : have substantial period of time to be ready for its intended use.
Maritime Cluster in GIFT City Gujarat.
Electricity rights of consumer rules 2020 - to ==facilitate continuous access of electricity==.
National Common Mobility card - inter operable to pay bus charges, toll, by Nandan Nilekani comm
Industrial Corridors : integrates industry, infra, lead to overall eco and social dev; high speed transportation network, cargo handling equipment
New Public Sector Enterprise Policy : classification of Atomic energy, defence, power, petro, coal as strategic; Privatisation of remaining coys
One Nation One Standard : uniformity in testing and standards, BIS only standard body that frames standards.
Margalla-Allapatna in Mandya dist Ktaka Lithium deposits found
National Rail Plan : create capacity, 45% freight share by 2030, forecast growth in traffic, reduce overall cost of transportation and time.
National Coal Index : by Mo Coal, price index that reflects change of market price on a particular month. Use - For Taxation, calculate value of mine, annual escalation in price. #report
National Hydrogen Mission NHM - aims to generate H2 from green source #scheme
US to put Anti-Dumping Duty on Aluminium sheets from IN.
Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products RODTEP #Scheme - replaced MEIS to comply w/ WTO norms, refunds to exporters central, state and local duties/taxes to meet international standards.
National Bank Financing Infrastructure and Development NaBFID : corpus of 20,000 crore, wholly Gov owned, tax benefit for 10yr, eminent person to be chair, ==mobilise 111 lk crore to fund NIP==, enhance credit rating of projects. #body
Research Design and Standards Organisation #body : standards forming body for railways, HQ in Lucknow.
Restructuring of OFB : make them productive and profitable, help overcome shortcomings, improve accountability and efficiency. Fear of Job loss and unstable demand of defence product.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves SPR program : stores crude oil to deal w/ crisis managed by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited ISPRL SPV made for this very purpose it is wholly owned subsidiary of OIDB (Oil Industry Development Board OIDB) under Mo Petroleum and Natural Gas.
- ISPRL has storage facility of total 5.33 MMT at 3 locations namely Vizag, Mangaluru and Padur.
Shoonya campaign by NITI to promote zero pollution delivery vehicles.

National Export Insurance #Scheme NEIA : to facilitate commercially viable medium and long term export.

Coal Shortage reasons are COVID induced supply shock, demand overshooting supply, high import from China -> inc in prices, fall in imports due to high prices.
- Recent reforms in Coal sector : Commercial mining has been allowed, liberalisation of entry norms, Coal blocks to private coys on revenue sharing basis, incentivisation of Coal gassification.
Bharat Gaurav #scheme by Indian Railways it launched Bharat Gaurav trains that would be run by private players or state govts on theme based circuits. Offers operators ‘right of use’ of rakes and infrastructure.
- Railways would provide staff to drive the train, guards and maintenance for coaches.
HCNG - Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and propane. It reduces emissions of CO by 70%.
Parvatmala Scheme : National Ropeways Development Programme to improve connectivity in hilly areas where conventional roads cannot be built by Mo Roads and Transport.
**RDSS Revamped Distribution Sector RDSS #Scheme ** is reforms based and results linked scheme to i==mprove operational efficiencies and financials stability of all DISCOMs/Power dept excluding private sector==.
- Scheme wants to dec average technical and commercial (AT&C) loss. It is the loss occured due to price difference b/w the actual cost of electrcity and tariff cost.
- Gives conditional financial assistance for supply infrastructure based on meeting pre qualifying criteria.
- Compulsory smart metering ecosystem, major focus on improving supply for farmers and for providing daytime electricity. Smar meter records various info such as voltage, current, power factors etc. National Smart Metering Program #scheme launched to replace 250mil conventional meters.
- Existing schemes such as IPDS Integrated Power Dev Scheme, DDUGJY Gram Jyoti Yojana, PMSBHGY Sahaj Bijli har ghar yojana will be merged into this.

CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-04-28 06:33:09

Aadhar and Other laws Amendment #Act 2019 to restrain misuse, no compulsion to show as ID proof.
- Voluntary use, offline verification w/ prior consent.
- alternative virtual id will conceal actual aadhar no, children can withdraw after 18.
- acceptable as KYC document, prevent denial of service, estd Unique Identification authority for IN fund.
National Freight Index by Rivigo will give information about ‘live spot rates’ on 7mil lane vehicles #report
Water grid Power grid push concept of ‘One Nation One Grid’
NIIF(National Investment Infrastructure fund) to fund highway projects, 40000cr corpus, Gov investing 49% corpus rest raised from third party made to fund greenfield, brownfield and stalled infra projects.
Bharatmala Pariyojana : Phase I outlay 5.35 lkh crore construct 24.8k km road, second largest highway construction project since NHDP, emphasis on Border areas. #scheme ^63e769
Grid Connected Rooftop solar prgrm for both residential and commercial - 40GW target; augment power supply #scheme
Kosi-Mechi(Mahananda) Interlinking project: 4,900 crore to overcome problem of shifting of course of Kosi river, heavy sediment load, flooding etc
FAME II : Do Heavy industry Faster Adoption and Manufaturing of Hybrid and Electric (FAME Vehicles) #scheme
- Outlay of ==₹10,000 crore for 3 years till 2022==
- setting up charging stations, Interlinking of renewable energy sources with charging infrastructure.
- Part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
- [[#Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India FAME India Scheme]]
World Biofuel Day every year on 10th August to spread awareness about the importance of non-fossil fuels as an alternative; Government of India(GOI) initiatives are : - administrative price mechanism for Ethanol - simplifying the procurement procedures of OMCs - amending the provisions for easier procurement - objective of reaching ==20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending== by the year 2030.
‘Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO)’ #scheme : collection of used cooking oil by FSSAI then conversion to bio-diesel.
- The max permissible limits for Total Polar Compounds (TPC) set at 25%, inc every time oil is reheated
SARAL : State Rooftop Solar Attractiveness Index MNRE, SSEF, ASSOCHAM, and Ernst & Young EY. #report
- Karnataka 1st next Telangana, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
- market potential for rooftop solar at 124 GW but only 1,247 MW of capacity had been installed 2016.
Ocean Energy declared as renewable : tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion for meeting the non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations(RPO). Tidal energy which uses the flow of the tides, wave energy uses the vertical movement.
Increase in ethanol procurement price from sugar mills for blending w/ petrol, conversion of old sugar in ethanol is also allowed will dec import dependency, support agri sector, env friendly, additional income to farmers.
CN JAP SK working to put Hydrogen Fuel powered cars on roads called Fuel Cell Vehicles(FCVs) only water and heat are by products. 100% clean fuel/ zero emission, use as rocket fuel, costly, difficult to store.
Coal Gasification : converted from solid to gas through controlled combustion water intensive, water contamination
One Nation One FASTag #scheme for all NH vehicles and cars to have RFID tags for digital contact-less payments
Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) #scheme compressed bio-gas plants are proposed through independent financers/ benefit both vehicle users, farmers and entrepreneurs.
- Agri residues will be converted to bio-gas in plants and
- CBG produced will be transported in cylinders to fuel stations.
- bio manure, CO2 produced be used for enhanced returns helping entp.
Infrastructure investment Investment trust InvIT set up by NHAI highway projects will be bundled to form SPV - would be traded on the stock exchange.
- InvITs and REITs do not come under the IBC regulations. Are regulated by SEBI and Indian Trust Act 1882.
- Each InvIT has a Trustee (certified by SEBI), Sponsors are promoters, Investment Manager is entrusted with tast of supervising and Project Manager for executing.
Silver line project proposal of KER gov laying semi high speed trains 532 km long JV b/w Mo Railways and Kerala Rail Dev Corporation.
Tripura gets 1st SEZ dev by Tripura Industrial Dev Corporation
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor broad gauge 1500km corridor b/w JNPT Mumbai and Dadri in UP funded by Soft Loan from JP under Special terms for economic partnership STEP being made by SPV of Indian Railway - Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited DFCCIL
National Infrastructure Pipeline : Rs 103 lakh crore investment project to achieve $5til economy, 6500 diff projects across diff sectors viz safe drinking water, healthcare for all, airport bus terminal etc #important #scheme
State Energy Efficiency Index 2019 - by BEE. States are categorised into Front Runner, Achiever, Contender and Aspirant. KTAKA, HP, HAR and PUD were best performer - MAN, JHA, RAJ and J&K least. #report
Development Support Services For States/UTs (DSSS) For infrastructure projects is implemented by NITI Aayog using PPP model. It provides project level support from concept plan till fin closure. #scheme
Real Estate Investment Trusts is like a mutual fund where group of people pool money to invest in properties on a large scale, regulated by SEBI.

CA Liberalisation and Effect on Economy April 2019 - Jan 2020

2019-12-28 18:32:34

Time Release Study(TRS): DoRevenue, MoFin, enable faster movt of cargo on annual basis, World Customs Organization (WCO) #report
Competition Law Review #report: Recom amendment of Competition act
- Intro of a ‘Green Channel’ fast-paced regulatory approvals of mergers and acquisition.
- dedicated bench in NCLAT for hearing appeals under the Competition Act.
- speedier resolution of cases of anti-competitive conduct.
- imposition of penalty to ensure more transparency
- introduction of a Governing Board to oversee advocacy and quasi-legislative functions.
- Opening of CCI offices at regional level carry out functions such as research, advocacy.
Code on Wages Act, 2019 passed universal min pay ₹178/day replaces various laws #Act
- Centre will make decision on wages in railway, mines etc. States on rest
- Min wage(revised every 5yrs) to be more than Floor wage(Centre decides)
- Deduction cannot be more than 50%, bonus more than 8.33% or Rs 100 whichever is greater
Inter-ministerial Panel on Fintech #report Recom :
- legal framework to protect digital consumers,
- RBI should examine issuance of virtual banking licenses.
- Dematerialisation of FDs, SGB and PO certificates to promote easy transaction.
- mandate banks to share crucial customer data after consent.
- adopt regulation technology, improve their access to MSMEs farmers etc, use drone and remote sensing.
Special window for last mile funding of stalled housing projects gov to contribute 10,000cr for the window rest from LIC, private and other lenders
- ECB will be relaxed for beneficiaries under PMAY.
- For Export sector : comprehensive tax and duties refund, improve credit flow
Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) has introduced ‘NIRVIK’ #scheme to ease the lending process and enhance loan availability. Insurance to guarantee 90% of principal and interest, cover pre and post shipment credit etc
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) recom adoption of unitary taxation system for Multi-national Enterprises to simplify global taxation system.
IMD World Digital competitiveness ranking examining 3 factors i.e. Knowledge, Technology and Future readiness of 63 countries, IN at 44th. US 1st #report
Industry 4.0 is the name to the 4th Industrialisation which is the current trend of ==automation, interconnectivity and data exchange==. 2nd Industrialisation was use of steel in 20th century, 3rd was 1950s computers.
Enterprise development centres(EDC) Provide vocation skill development course, credit facilitation etc in every district by MSME ministry
WB EODB ‘Doing Business’ #report released #PrelimsPYQ
- top improvers are KSA, JOR, TOG.
- Measures used starting a business, getting construction permits, electricity, registering property, protecting minority investors etc.
- IN at 63. Challenges : IN lags in enforcing contracts and registering property, resolving commercial disputes.
- Improved : in sustained business env, easy getting building permits, easy import export, port infra upgraded.
RBI introduced liquidity mgt framework for all non-deposit taking NBFCs w/ assets 100cr, CICs and all deposit taking NBFCs to strengthen their asset-liability mgt for liquidity crisis. NBFCs were to maintain liquidity coverage ratio LCR, ensure High Quality Liquidity Assets to survive any scenario for 30 days. ^62bb47
RBI revised the framework on currency swap arrangement CSA for SAARC till 2022 to strengthen fin stability and eco coop.
- RBI can offer CSA for upto $ 2bil, swap drawal can be made in USD, EUR, INR
- for all SAARC countries subject to bilateral swap agreement
- Currency Swap involves trading in own local currencies, EXIM are paid at pre-determined rates of exchange w/o bringing 3rd currency like USD ^b87237
KUSUM #scheme
- ₹1.4 lakh-crore promoting decentralised solar power production
- option to sell additional power to the grid
- help in de-dieselising the sector
- 60% subsidy on the solar pumps provided

PIB 2019 Year End Review

2020-03-07 20:06:21

Rialways to modernize signaling system by implementing Modern Train Control system w/ LTE based radio system.
Vande Bharat trains will be mfd in Integrated Coach Factory Chennai.
The Terminal Tax on Railways Passenger #Act, 1956 repealed was taken from or to places of pilgrimage, fairs, exhibitions are held.
Operation Thirst by Mo Railways to apprehend sale of sub-standard drinking water.
Number of Stations with the High Speed free Wi-Fi increased to more than 5,500.
Real Time Train Information System (RTIS) in collaboration with ISRO for automatic chart preparation and passenger train information.

Static : Effects of Liberalisation on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and Their Effects on Industrial Growth

2020-10-22 07:44:26

Refer to chapters BoP, WTO, World Bank, Bretton Woods

Reforms taken during Liberalisation - Financial, Industrial, Fiscal, Trade

Changes in Industrial Policy and Their Effects on Industrial Growth

Industrial Policy Resolution 1948

Accepted the imp of both private and public sector, also role of cottage industries
divided industry in 4 catergories - w/ state monopoly, mixed sector, gov control sectors, private enterprise
India was to be a mixed economy

IPR 1956
Accelerate rate of growth, speed up industrialisation,
dev heavy industries, expansion in public sector
reduce disparities in Income and Wealth, dev of competitive cooperative sector, prevent concentration of Business
Compulsory licensing for industries
Reservation of Industries was done
- Schedule A where center was given complete monopoly
- Schedule B state govt was supposed to take up initiatives followed up by private sector.
- Schedule C all Industrial areas not included in above 2 were put into this. Many of these industries had compulsory licensing
Industries Dev and Regulation Act 1951
Regulate industrial investment, production, protection of small scale industries, prevent monopoly in few hands, balanced growth
Restrictive provisions, Registration mandatory, examination monitoring of Industries, cancellation of licenses

MRTP Act 1969
It was repealed by the Competition act 2002
Was enacted in 1969 on recommendation of Dutt Committee.
Objective was to ensure operation of economic system does not result in the concentration of economic power in hands of few rich.
prohibit monopolistic and restrictive practices and control monopolies
It was not applicable to Govt companies, Trade Unions, Coys under Central or State Act, Coys registered under Cooperative societies act.
It set up the MRTP Commission to enforce the act. It was a quasi judicial body.

Problems of Excessive Restriction imposed
- Underutilisation of wastage, licensing requirements, discretionary powers to grant licences
- corruption and rent seeking, Rise of corporate Bureaucratic nexus, Regional imbalances with some states, killing of competition

Industrial Policy Statement 1973 :

Classification of certain Industry as core industry.
Private sector could apply for industries in not in Schedule A.
Some industries were put under reserved list that only small or medium industries could be set up.
Concept of Joint sector developed
FERA act to regulate foreign exchange was passed.
Limited permission to foreign investment was given.

Industrial Policy Statement 1977

Indira Gandhi govt had falled and Morarji Desai was the new PM under the influece of his political ideology ie the Gandhian Socialistic views was put forward.
Foreign investment in unnecessary areas were prohibited
Emphasis on village industries and redefined small and cottage industries.
Democratic decentralisation was emphasised and Khadi and village industry was set up.

Liberalisation measures in 1980

Industrial Policy statements of 1980, 1985 and 1986 was passed.
Exemption from licensing, relaxation of MRTP act FERA regulations,
Delicensing of large industries, Re endorsed, promotion of economies of scale, dev of backward areas
Incentives given to exporters, promotion of small scale industries, New Industrial policy 1991

Post 1991 Reforms

New Industrial Policy 1991

major structural break for IN economy,
aims to carry forward gains already made in industrial sector,
correct existing market distortion,
provide gainful and productive emp
Abolishment of Industrial licensing, only 5 now require alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, defence, electronics aerospace etc
Reduced role of public Sector, reserved for Public sector reduced from 17-8,
Entry of foreign firms and investment, FDI allowed in capital goods, metallurgical, electronics, FPI
Other important liberalisation measures - in industrial location, abolishment of phased manufacturing program, removal of mandatory convertibility

National Manufacturing Policy 2011
Inc mfg growth to 14-15% in medium term, inc share of mfg GDP by 25% by 2022
Create 100mil jobs, skill dev, inc domestic value addition, inc global competitiveness
Create enabling env for Mfg sector, simplification of business env, National Investment and Mfg zones NMIZ announced
Incentives for SMEs; Industrial training and skill up gradation; Rationalisation and simplification of business regulations.

Make in India (similar to NMP)

Inc mfg to 25%, counter jobless growth, come out from middle income trap, service led growth
Gov Initiatives - improve east of doing business, opening of new sectors for FDI, new and improved infra, strengthening IPR, Industrial corridors, FDI, Ease of Laws, Rules, Regulations, Investment security

Need :
- Investing in R&D, Skilling of youth in Big data, AI, Robotics etc,
- Dev of core infra, reforming labour laws, judicial reforms,
- promote well dev globally integrated fin markets, etsd flexible exit policy,
- well dev capital and debt bond, promote dev of young innovative entrepreneurship

Mo Commerce and Industry

#scheme 2020-06-11 17:58:11

Transport and Marketing Assistance TMA Scheme by Mo Commerce and Industry will boost agri exports.
- Provide financial assistance for transport and marketing of agri products available b/w 1.3.2019 to 31.03.2020. In sync with Agriculture Export Policy that aims to double by USD $60bil by 2022.

Start Up India Scheme by Mo Commerce and Industry

entity HQ in India shall be considered as a Startup up to 10 years
annual turnover should also not exceed INR 100 crore should not be formed by splitting of a big company.
Provides for Single window clearance, faster and cheaper patents, faster exits, simple compliance regime, Tax exemptions for 3yrs etc.
Rural Version was named Deen Dayal Upadhyay Swaniyojan Yojana backed by MUDRA loans funded by NRLM.
It recently launched the Startup Academia Alliance program for mentoring academics in partnership with TERI.

Integrate to Innovate Programme by Mo Commerce and Industry : 3-month corporate acceleration programme for energy startups.

Cash prize grant of upto ₹ 5 Lakh. Corporates would offer access to technology, technical and commercial mentorship etc. Developed by Invest India.

Scheme for IPR awareness - Creative India Innovative India launched by Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM). Project duration is 3yr is by Mo Commerce and Industry.

Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops RISPC for which insurance can no longer be availed from PM Fasal Bima Yojana.

Covers small growers of Rubber, Tea, Coffee, Tobacco and Cardamom having 10 ha or less landholding. will cover income loss arising out of yield loss due to non-preventable risks.

RISPC is an improved form of Price Stabilization scheme PSS compulsory for growers registered with Commodity Boards CBs

Niryat Bandhu Scheme to reach out to the new and potential exporters and mentor them to get into international trade and boost exports.

Schemes under Foreign Trade policy of India by Mo Commerce and Industry :

Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) - accelerate the export of manufactured products, limit on rewards only upto Rs 2 cr, rewards given as per duty scrips,
VisheshKrishi and Gram UdyogYojana (VKGUY) - Duty Credit Scrip benefits are granted with an aim to compensate high transport costs
Focus Market Scheme increase the competitiveness by reducing freight cost and other duties only for the export of goods
Focus Product Scheme which have high export intensity / employment potential
Served from India Scheme SEIS service providers of notified services are incentivized in the form of Duty Credit Scrips at the rate of 3 or 5% on their net foreign exchange earnings.

Static : Land Reforms in India

2020-10-22 07:47:30

LR regulated ownership, operation, leasing, sale, inheritance of land
Brought in due to massive inequalities, wealth and income, great scarcity, unequal distribution, BPL pop, strong economic political arguments, breaking lands into smaller parts turns
Objectives :
- Enhance productivity, ensure distributive justice, create peasant proprietorship, transfer incomes of few to many, eliminate all forms of social injustice, provide security to tiller of land assure equality and opportunity
Land reforms undertaken
- Abolishment of intermediaries - Zamindars, 60% of area was under, 173 mil acres of land acquired
- Tenancy reforms -
  - regulation of rent - max limit on rent was fixed
  - security of tenure - legislation passed in states,
  - ownership rights of tenants - sharecroppers in Bengal given ownership
- Dev of cooperative farming and reo-organisation of agri -
  - solve problem of division of land holdings
  - inc production, more mechanisation
  - Input cost reduction, better resource utilisation, inc labour productivity, inc in marketable surplus
- land ceilings - statutory max limits on quantity, limit varies from state to state in UP WB ceiling on existing holding is 40 acres and 25 acres, similarly in Punjab, Raj etc
- land consolidation - program failed as farmers reluctant to exchange their land for new ones, complaints of nepotism corruption,

Static : Infrastructure - Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc, Investment Models

2020-06-25 16:09:58

Energy Renewable/Solar :

next 4yrs $80bil investment in RE , 4th EY’s RE attractive index say that IN get sunlight all yr
175 RE capacity (100 solar + 60 wind + 10 biomass+ 5 small hydro) + 50 large hydro = 225GW, wind and solar energy suffer lack policy & implementation, 2019-20 cut solar target 23%
Solar Rooftop, Solar parks, projects under National Solar Mission, Solar pumps, Solar cities, Surya Mitra
National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, Inclusion of renewable energy in priority sector, investment of 74% foreign equity ^8b6ab3
Prob : Land aquisition, slowdown eco growth, low adoption of solar power agri pump(KUSUM scheme) ^6c23de
lack long term vision, import tariff 25% solar cells module/safeguard duty + GST & IGST (pre GST no tax)inc capital cost solar prjcts, decrease tariff main pt of gov but not pass to consumer, Wind Guj gov indifference export

Ports

Focus on non-major ports, enlarged scale of operations, FDI upto 100% in BOT/BOOT model, public funds deployed for common use infra

Roads

2nd largest in the world, fuel cess imposed on petrol and diesel
NHDP, NHAI financed from fuel cess imposed on petrol and diesel, ADB, WB, AIIB
Special Accelerated Road Dev Program for NE region SARDP-NE
Bharatmala, PMGSY,

Airports

Need : airport infra, upgradation of many airports, upgradation of 18 non metro airports, new ATS automation centre
Working group recom
- State gov should nationalise VAT, ATF
- Foreign airlines undertake domestic ones
- Direct import of ATF by airlines, prepare turnaround plans, fare structure be reviewed

Railways

Challenges : capacity, project execution, high resource requirement, limitation of public resource
Measures taken by GOI -
- High speed communication network put in place, Integrated coach factory in Chennai, Parichaalan mobile application for freight operation, solar panels on rooftop coaches, Diamond Quad,
- High Speed train project w/ Japan

Investment Models

Public Private Partnership PPP -
- Appropriate allocation of Resources, Risks, Responsibilities, Rewards
Kelkar Committee report
Build Operate Transfer Model BOT or Build Own Operate Transfer BOOT
- Type of PPP
- Initial concession of finance, design, construction, own, operating is given to a private firm
- After a set time limit it is transferred back to the Public entity
VBOT : Variable - Build Operate and Transfer
- In BOT model there is a chance where contractor realizes his investment and profit ahead of his contract period
- In Variable - BOT the contract is terminated in such cases
Concession - it is an agreement of grant of rights, land or property by govt, corporation, etc. Here either the govt can pay the other party or vice versa as per various scenarios.
Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) -
- Introduced in 2016 by NHAI
- 40% of capital is paid upfront while remaining 60% of the cost is paid over the life of the project as annuities
- In BOT model if there is a low realisation of tariffs the contract would still be terminated and lead to loss for the concessionaire, it also led to building of NPAs, risks were unevenly distributed among Public and Private parties.
Toll Operate Transfer (TOT) :
- Toll highways operated by NHAI for more than 2 years
- Auctioned to private player whoever bids the highest to operate(collect toll) and maintenance
- Highways are bundled out and given to offset the risks
Swiss Challenge :
- A third party is asked to match the previous proposal, expert committee decides on which is the best proposal
- Advantages :
  - Efficient use of capital, speeds up process
  - Good citizen services, transparency
  - Genuine competition, cost saving for gov
- Disadvantages :
  - Politics-business nexus does not let real competition
  - Chances of large scale corruption
- Kelkar committee discouraged it
Viability Gap Funding : one time grant is given for projects that have economic viability but financial support is missing. Ex UDAN
Take out Financing : loan on a property will be paid back over a long period which replaces a short term loan .
- Done to address Asset-Liability mismatch
- Expand sources of finance for infra projects
Plug and Play model
- Companies can start implementing projects immediately without worrying about all regulatory clearances
- Done for big projects
- Help attract foreign and domestic investment
Infrastructure debt fund IDF:
- Have long payback periods are capital intensive
- Financed by NBFCs, present bond market lacks depth which limits its effectiveness
- IDF can be structured either as a trust would be managed by SEBI or as a company managed by RBI
Infra Investment Trust InvITs - similar to MF, enables direct investment, regulated by SEBI, used by NHAI , risks are contained, tax savings, ^e8y6u9
Design-Build/ Engineering, Procurement, Construction EPC/ Turnkey :
- Contractor designs and builds the facility for an upfront payment of fees.
Lease
- Operator is responsible for operating and maintaining infra facility but not required to make any large investment
- Used with other models like BOT, Gov bears the investment risk
Suitability and Selection of Model
- PPPs can be complex
- Creation of a SPV Special Purpose Vehicle is a key feature - it is a legal entity that undertakes a project and negotiates contract agreements with other parties
  - Their funds cannot be diverted
  - Helps bring together of other investors, sharing risks
PPP in ports has been encouraged, FDI is 100% automatic route
To attract investment/PPP in social sector reimbursement of service cost will help reduce time and cost over-runs, inc efficiency, improve quality
PPP in education - 20 IITs were to be established in this model
- Criticismprivatisation of education and dilution of the role of the govt
PPP in Health Care Services -
- National Health Policy 2017 advocates PPP
- Proposed for treating non communicable diseases NCDs
- Pros
  - Check rampant absenteeism
  - inc gov expenditure has failed to give results
  - Unable to attract and retain talent
  - High growth rate of private sector
- Cons
  - Risk is unequally spread towards gov
  - Implementation is a challenge
  - Conflict of interest b/w Gov run centres and private
PPP in Skill Development
- PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Apprentice promotion scheme uses this model
PPP in Digital India - ex Bharat Net project
In Swacch Bharat Abhiyan - in social sector PPP model allows local citizens to become direct stakeholders

Smart Cities program :

to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that have core facilities like Assured electricity supply, Adequate water supply etc
Its components are City Improvement, City renewal, city extension
100 potential cities will be given funding of Rs500 crore for 5 yrs.
Impelmentation through SPVs and Urban Local Bodies.
Other plans like HRIDAY, AMRUT, JNNURM

Challenges in Infra sector :

Project delay - cost overruns, delays in acquisition, scarcity of fund, weakness of existing PPP, weakness in existing PPP models, Slowdown in economy, twin balance sheet crisis

Mo Shipping

#scheme 2020-06-12 13:38 :52

Sagarmala Scheme

#scheme

Flagship scheme of Mo Shipping.
Aim :
- promote port-led development make infra to imporve efficiency and transport time and efficiecnt evacuation from hinterland
- enhance capacity of major and non major port
Significance :
- Reduce logistics cost esp for EXIM by optimising time cost of container movt, locating industries near coast including mfg clusters.
- Inc efficiency
- Improve EoDB throught seamless cargo movt and improvement of operational efficiency.
- Aid economy -> jobs will be created, skills will be developed etc.
- Aid regional growth
- Coastal community dev
Community Development Fund will be created for coastal areas.
National Sagarmala Apex Committee (NSAC) is envisaged apex body
State Sagarmala Committee headed by Chief Minister/Minister in Charge of Ports
Sagarmala seaplane service to be launched
! Challenges :
- Security due to inc in ports
- Mobilising resources for infrastructure
- Coordinating among different ministries
- Environmental issues wrt to coastal areas and compliance w/ CRZ rules
- Rise in crude oil prices ![[Pasted image 20230113085711.png]]

Jal Marg Vikas Project Features :

capacity augmentation of National waterways projects
Inland Waterway Authority of India (IWAI) as implementation agency
Financed by IBRD
In UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and WB
project adopted River Information System for the first time in India to optimise resource mgt
nodal points along the National Waterway will be created by IWAI.

Mo Power

#scheme 2020-06-12 11:46:24

Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana

aims to provide 24X7 power supply to rural areas.

Subsumed Rajiv Gandhi Grameen VidyutikaranYojana (RGGVY)
Launched GARV II app to provide real time data of villages.
Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) and Remote Village Electrification Programme (RVEP) are also similar schemes.

National LED program to promote energy efficiency in the country. It has 2 components :

**UJALA-Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs **to provide subsidised LED bulbs
SLNPStreet Lightning National Program to replace conventional LED street lights.
Gram Ujala for rural areas
The schemes are being implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited EESL

India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Programme

implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
scale up the deployment of energy-saving measures
Investment by World Bank also, will help achieve Nationally Determined Contribution under Paris accord.

Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana UDAY

To turnaround the precarious financial situation of state electricity distribution companies ie reduce their interest burden and Aggregate Transmission and Technical (AT&C) losses.

This is to take place through 4 initiatives

Improving operational efficiency
- Compulsory smart metering, upgradation of transformers
- Efficient LED bulbs, agricultural pumps, fans and air conditioners,
Reduction in cost of power
- through inc supply of cheaper domestic coal, coal linkage rationalisation
- Liberal coal swaps from inefficient to efficient plants
Reduction in Interest cost
Enforcing Financial Discipline

Features of the scheme

states shall progressively take 75%, 50%, 25% of DISCOM debts.
this will not be included in fiscal deficit of states
states will issue non SLR SDL bonds.
Debt not taken by states will be converted by banks into loans or bonds.
States be given additional coal at notified prices.
UDAY scheme is optional for all states

Mo Civil Aviation

#scheme 2020-06-11 17:57:59

Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik by Mo Civil Aviation :

Airports Authority of India (AAI)
maximum airfare has been capped at Rs 2500 for 1hr in aircraft and 30 min on helicopter.
have to commit 50% of seats on RCS flights
Regional connectivity funds will be created. Central gov will fund 80% of losses incurred by states through Viability Gap Funding VGF.
Benefits for 10yr period.
UDAN 4.0 recognised Bilaspur in Chattisgarh as priority airport, special emphasis in NE states, Hilly states, islands, operation of helicopters and sea planes.
International UDAN plans to connect smaller cities to foreign destinations nearby. State gov will provide financial support for this. Financial support only for 3yr and only Indian carriers can participate.

Digi Yatra by Mo Civil Aviation :

To develop seamless, consistent, paperless service experience for travellers.
Uses facial recognition for faster check-ins.

New and Renewable Energy

#scheme 2020-06-12 11:43:41

Surya Mitra Scheme

Skill dev scheme for youth in installation, operation etc of solar power projects
aimed at creating 50,000 trained technician
Course is 3 months longs
B.Tech are not eligible
100% funded by GOI
Implemented by National Institute for Solar Energy.

KUSUM Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan :

setting up grid-connected solar plants in rural areas and off-grid solar pumps
target of 25,750 MW by 2022
plans to incentivise farmers to run solar farm water pumps and use barren land for generating power for extra income It has 3 components
set up 10,000 MW grid connected solar or other RE plant
install 17.5 lakh solar pumps
solarisation of 10 lakh grid connected solar agri pump

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission :

deploying 20 GW of grid connected solar power by 2022 which was later revised to 100 GW by 2022 ’
targeted investment was $100bil
comprise of 40GW Rooftop and 60GW through large and medium scale grid
30% capital subsidy for installation of SPV applications like solar lighting systems, solar PV.

Mo Heavy Industries

#scheme 2020-06-11 19:34:47

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) India Scheme :

Phase — II for the period of 3 years commencing from April 1, 2019
in this phase government is targeting a fully (100%) electric fleet for public transport
outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore, Rs.1000 crore for setting up charging stations
incentive of Rs.10,000 per kilowatt (kW) based on size of battery

PYQ Infrastructure, Investment, Liberalisation, Land Reforms

2020-10-30 16:45:10

Investment and Infrastructure

With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.	2018
Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.	2018
Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public-Private Partnership(PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard.	2017
What are ‘Smart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission.	2016
Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. Why there is gap between MOUs signed and actual FDIs? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDIs in India.	2016
There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of industrial development, manufacturing and exports. Recognizing this potential, the whole instrumentality of SEZs requires augmentation. Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs with respect to taxation, governing laws and administration.	2015
The right to fair compensation and transparency land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 2013 has come into effect from 1 January 2014. What implication would it have on industrialisation and agriculture in India?	2014
National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people instead of moving vehicles. Discuss critically the success of various strategies of the government in this regard.	2014
Explain how private public partnership agreements, in longer gestation infrastructure projects, can transfer unsuitable liabilities to the future. What arrangements need to be put in place to ensure that successive generations’ capacities are not compromised?	2014
Adaptation of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free from criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model.	2013

Effect of Liberalisation

How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?	2018
“Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate?	2017
How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country?	2016
Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base?	2014
Foreign direct investment in the defence sector is now said to be liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run?	2014
Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indian. Are the competing with the MNCs satisfactorily?	2013
Discuss the impact of FDI entry into multi-trade retail sector on supply chain management in commodity trade pattern of the economy.	2013
Though India allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in what is called multi brand retail through joint venture route in September 2012, the FDI even after a year, has not picket up. Discuss the reasons.	2013

Land Reforms

Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India.	2016
Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in Indian Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the agriculture friendly land reforms in India.	2013

Answers and Analysis

Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (बुननयादी ढांचागत पररयोजनाओ में सा ं व्भजननक ननजी साझेदारी (पी.पी.पी.) की आवश्यकता क्ो है? भारत में रेलवे ं ्टेिनो के पुनर् ं वकास में पी.पी.पी. मॉडल की भूगमका का परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2022

Investment in infrastructure is essential for a more rapid and inclusive economic growth. Discuss in the light of India’s experience. “तीव्रतर एवं समावेिी आर्थिक संवृगधि के ललए आधाररक-अवसंरचना में ननवेि आवश्यक है।” भारतीय अनुभव की पररप्ेक् में नववेचना कीजजए। 2021

Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. (एक अथि्भव्यवस्ा में पूँजी ननमा्भण के रूप में नवननयोग के अथि्भ की व्याख्ा कीजजए। उन कारको की ं नववेचना कीजजए, जजन पर एक साव्भजननक एवं एक ननजी ननकाय के मध् ररआयत अनुबन (कॉन्सेिन एगग्रमेन्ट) तैयार करते समय नवचार हकया जाना चाहहए।) 2020

With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (ऊजा्भ की बढ़ती हई जरूरतो के पर ं रप्ेक् में क्ा भारत को अपने नाशभकीय ऊजा्भ काय्भरिम का नवस्तार करना जारी रखना चाहहए? नाशभकीय ऊजा्भ से संबं सधत तथ्यो एवं भयो ं की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018

Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (“वहनीय (ऐफोडदेबल), नवश्सनीय, धारणीय तथिा आधुननक ऊजा्भ तक पहंच संधारणीय (स्टेनबल) नवकास लक्ो (एस. डी. जी ं ०) को प्ाप्त करने के ललए अननवाय्भ है।” भारत में इस संबंध में हई प्गनत पर हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2018

Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (साव्भजननक-ननजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी) माडल के अधीन सं युति उपरिमो के मा ं ध्म से भारत में नवमानपत्नो के ं नवकास का परीक्ण कीजजए। इस सं बं धमें प्ासधकरणो के सम ं क् कौन सी चुनौनतयां हैं?) 2017

What are ‘Smart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (‘स्ाि्भ िहरो’ से क् ं ा तात्य्भ है? भारत के िहरी नवकास में इनकी प्ासं गगकता का परीक्ण कीजजए। क्ा इससे ग्रामीण तथिा िहरी भेदभाव में बढ़ोतरी होगी? पी. यू. आर. ए. एवं आर. यू. आर. बी. ए. एन. गमिन के सन्भ्भ में ‘स्ाि्भ गाँवो के ल ं लए तक्भ प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2016

Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. Why there is gap between MOUs signed and actual FDIs? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDIs in India. (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा के नवकास में एफ. डी. आइ. की आवश्यकता की पुनटि कीजजए। हस्ताक्ररत समझौता-ज्ापनो त ं थिा वास्तनवक एफ. डी. आइ. के बीच अन्र क्ो है? भारत में वास्त ं नवक एफ. डी. आइ. को बढ़ाने के ललए सुधारात्मक कदम सुझाइए।) 2016

There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of industrial development, manufacturing and exports. Recognizing this potential, the whole instrumentality of SEZs requires augmentation. Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs with respect to taxation, governing laws and administration. (इसकी स्पटि स्ीकृ नत है हक नविेष आर्थिक जोन (एस.इ.जैड.) औद्योगगक नवकास, नवननमा्भण और ननया्भतो के एक साधन हैं। इस सं भाव्यता को मा ं न्ता देते हए, एस.इ.जैड. के सं पूण्भ करणत्व एस.ई.जैडो. की सफलता को परे ं िान करने वाले मुद्ो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015

The right to fair compensation and transparency land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 2013 has come into effect from 1 January 2014. What implication would it have on industrialisation and agriculture in India? (भूगम अज्भन, पुनरूद्ार और पुनवा्भसान में उचचत प्नतकर और पारदर्िता का असधकार असधननयम, 2013 पहली जनवरी, 2014 से प्भावी हो गया है। इस असधननयम के लागू होने से कौन-से महत्वपूण्भ मुद्ो का समाधान ं ननकलेगा? भारत में उद्योगीकरण और कृ नष पर इसके क्ा पररणाम होगे?) ं 2014

National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people instead of moving vehicles. Discuss critically the success of various strategies of the government in this regard. (राटिट्ीय नगरीय पररवहन नीनत ‘वाहनो की आवाजाही’ के बजाय लोगो ं की आवाजाही पर बल देती है? इस सं बं ध में सरकार की ं नवनवध रणनीनतयो की सफलता की ं आलोचनात्मक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014

Explain how private public partnership agreements, in longer gestation infrastructure projects, can transfer unsuitable liabilities to the future. What arrangements need to be put in place to ensure that successive generations’ capacities are not compromised? (समझाइए हक दीघ्भकाललक पक्नावसध आधाररक संरचना पररयोजनाओ में न ं नजी लोक भागीदारी हकस प्कार अधारणीय देयताओ को भ ं नवष्य पर अन्ररत कर सकती है। यह सुननजचित करने के ललए हक उत्रोतर पीहढ़यो की स ं क्मताओ के सा ं थि कोई समझौता न हो, क्ा व्यवस्ाएं स्ानपत की जानी चाहहए?) 2014

Adaptation of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free from criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model. ( देि में आधारभूत संरचना के नवकास में गैर-सरकारी भागीदारी योजना (PPP) मॉडल अंगीकरण आलोचना मुति नही है। इस मॉडल के प ं क्-नवपक् की समालोचनात्मक नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

Liberalisation

How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (नवश् व्यापार में सरक्णवाद और मुद्रा चालबाजजयो की हाल की पर ं रघिनाएँ भारत की समनटि-आर्थिक स्स्रता को हकस प्कार से प्भानवत करेंगी?) 2018

“Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (“सुधारोत्र अवसध में सकल-घरेलू-उत्ाद (जी.डी.पी.) की समग्र सं वृगधि में औद्योगगक सं वृगधि दर नपछडती गई है ।” कारण बताइए । औद्योगगक-नीनत में हाल में हकए गए पररवत्भन औद्योगगक सं वृगधि दर को बढ़ाने में कहां तक सक्म हैं ?) 2017

How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा में वैश्ीकरण के पररणामस्रूप औपचाररक क्त्र में रोज़गार कै से कम हए? क् े ा बढ़ती हई अनौपचाररकता देि के नवकास के ललए हाननकारक है?) 2016

Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (सामान्तः देि कृ नष से उद्योग और बाद में सेवाओ को अ ं न्ररत होते है पर भारत सीधे ही कृ नष से सेवाओ को ं अन्ररत हो गया है। देि में उद्योग के मुकाबले सेवाओ की ं नविाल सं वृगधि के क्ा कारण है? क्ा भारत सिति औद्योगगक आधार के नबना एक नवकससत देि बन सकता है?) 2014

Foreign direct investment in the defence sector is now said to be liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? (रक्ा क्ेत्रक में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि को अब उदारीकृ त करने की तैयारी है। भारत की रक्ा और अथि्भव्यवस्ा पर अपिकाल और दीघ्भकाल में इसके क्ा प्भाव अपेशक्त हैं?) 2014

Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indian. Are the competing with the MNCs satisfactorily? (भारतीय स्ागमत्व वाली कम्पननयो पर उदारीकरण के ं प्भाव का परीक्ण कीजजए। क्ा वे बहराटिट्ीय कम्पननयो से ं सं तोषजनक ढंग से प्नतस्पधा्भ कर रही है? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

Discuss the impact of FDI entry into multi-trade retail sector on supply chain management in commodity trade pattern of the economy. (अथि्भव्यवस्ा के माल व्यापार पधिनत में बहव्यापार खुदरा क्ेत्र में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि के प्वेि के प्भाव की नववेचना कीजजए। ) 2013

Though India allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in what is called multi brand retail through joint venture route in September 2012, the FDI even after a year, has not picket up. Discuss the reasons. (यद्यनप भारत ने ससतम्र 2012 में सं युति सं सध माग्भ द्ारा बहमाका्भ खुदरा कहलाने वाले व्यापार में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि (FDI) को स्ीकृ नत दे दी थिी, पर इस ननवेि में एक वष्भ पचिात् भी कोई उन्ननत नहीं हई है। कारणो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

Land Reforms

How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? देि के कु छ भागो में भू ं गम सुधारो ने सीमांत और लघु ं हकसानो की सामाज ं जक-आर्थिक स्स्नत हक सुधारने के ललए हकस प्कार सहायता की है? 2021

Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (कृ नष नवकास में भूगम सुधारो की भू ं गमका की नववेचना कीजजए। भारत में भूगम सुधारो की सफलता के ल ं लए उत्रदायी कारको को च ं चहह्नत कीजजए।) 2016

Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in Indian Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the agriculture friendly land reforms in India. (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा में सुधार, कृ नष उत्ादकता और गरीबी उन्ूलन के बीच सं बं धस्ानपत कीजजए।। भारत में कृ नष अनुकू ल भूगम सुधारो के रूपांकन व अनुपालन में क ं हठनाइयो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013

Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India

Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India

Social Stock Exchanges

CA : April 2019 - Jan 2020

CA Liberalisation and Effect on Economy April 2019 - Jan 2020

PIB 2019 Year End Review

Static : Effects of Liberalisation on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and Their Effects on Industrial Growth

Changes in Industrial Policy and Their Effects on Industrial Growth

Post 1991 Reforms

Mo Commerce and Industry

Static : Land Reforms in India

Static : Infrastructure - Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc, Investment Models

Smart Cities program :

Mo Shipping

Sagarmala Scheme

Jal Marg Vikas Project Features :

Mo Power

Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana

India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Programme

Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana UDAY

Mo Civil Aviation

New and Renewable Energy

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission :

Mo Heavy Industries

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) India Scheme :

PYQ Infrastructure, Investment, Liberalisation, Land Reforms